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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Craniogenetische Untersuchungen an Macroscelidea (Butler, 1956) (Mammalia: Afrotheria)

Ihlau, Jan 29 June 2011 (has links)
An Hand einer Reihe Ontogenesestadien konnte die Entwicklung ausgewählter Bereiche des Schädels von Macroscelides proboscideus dargestellt werden. Die Befunde der Craniogenese vom Macroscelides proboscideus wurden mit Elephantulus spec., anderen Macroscelidea und Orycteropus afer verglichen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden bisher nicht beschriebene Synapomorpien der Macroscelidea dargestellt, die einen Beitrag zur Erstellung des Grundmusters dieser Gruppe leisten. Es konnten folgende Befunde erhoben werden: Bei Macroscelides proboscideus wurde ein bisher nur bei Elephantulus brachyrhynchus und Elephantulus myurus beschriebener Knorpel gefunden: diese Cartilago lateralis dient bei Macroscelides proboscideus als rostraler Ursprung des Musculus maxillo-labialis ventralis. Wird dieser Befund für weitere Vertreter der Sengis bestätigt, könnte es sich um eine Autapomorphie der Macroscelidea handeln. Ein fehlender Processus postorbitalis des Frontale scheint für Macroscelides proboscideus abgeleitet zu sein. Das Foramen subopticum, das bei den Orycteropodidae fehlt, ist eine Apomorphie der Sengis. Die eindeutig basale Position der Macroscelidea innerhalb des Stammbaums der Afrotheria, die auf wenigen Fossilien gestützte phylogenetische Entwicklung, die bis heute nicht geklärten intrafamiliären Beziehungen innerhalb der Macroscelididae und die fehlenden cranialen Apomorphien der Afrotheria lassen viel Raum für weitergehende vergleichende Untersuchungen. Es wurden histologische Schnittserien digital fotografiert und als Grundlage für eine computergestützte 3D-Rekonstruktion verwendet, so dass ein digitales 3D-Modell eines Stadiums der Sengis für Vergleichszwecke vorliegt. / Sengis (formerly known as elephant shrews) represent a monophyletic group within Afrotheria. An ontogenetic study on cranial development was conducted by histological slicing 7 individuals of Macroscelides proboscideus and Elephantulus spec. Through the development of an computer aided 3D- computer model following aspects could be found: The Cartilago lateralis, a separate cartilage holding the rostral beginning of the Musculus maxillo-labialis ventralis could be described for two species of Sengis and might turn out to be a cranial autapomophie for Macroscelidea. The in Oryctepodiadae missing Foramen subopticum is present in all Sengis. The basal position of Sengis within Afrotheria and the still missing cranial Apomorphies for the Afrotheria leave much space for further discussions.
2

Phylogeography of three Southern African endemic elephant-shrews and a supermatrix approach to the Macroscelidea

Smit, Hanneline Adri 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The order Macroscelidea has a strict African distribution and consists of two extant subfamilies, Rhynchocyoninae with a single genus that includes three species, and the Macroscelidinae represented by the remaining three genera, Elephantulus that includes 10 species, and the monotypic Macroscelides and Petrodromus. On the basis of molecular, cytogenetic and morphological evidence, Elephantulus edwardii (Cape rock elephant-shrew), the only strictly South African endemic species, was shown to comprise two closely related taxa. A new Elephantulus taxon, described here is reported for the first time. It has a restricted distribution in the central Nama Karoo of South Africa. Apart from important genetic distinctions, Elephantulus sp. nov. has several relatively subtle morphological characters that separate it from E. edwardii. Molecular sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the control region of E. edwardii sensu stricto suggests the presence of a northern Namaqua and central Fynbos clade with four evolutionary lineages identified within the latter. The geographic delimitation of the northern and central clades corresponds closely with patterns reported for other rock dwelling vertebrate species indicating a shared biogeographic history for saxicolous taxa in South Africa. Elephantulus rupestris (western rock elephant-shrew) and Macroscelides proboscideus (round-eared elephant-shrew) are two taxa with largely overlapping distributions that span the semi-arid regions of South Africa and Namibia. Based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data E. rupestris has a structured genetic profile associated with a habitat of rocky outcrops compared to M. proboscideus that inhabits gravel plains, where the pattern is one of isolationby– distance. Chromosomal changes, apart from heterochromatic differences, are limited to variation in diploid number among elephant-shrew species. These range from 2n=26 (E. edwardii; E. rupestris; Elephantulus sp. nov.; E. intufi; E. brachyrhynchus and M. proboscideus) to 2n=28 in both Petrodromus tetradactylus and E. rozeti to 2n=30 in E. myurus. Cross-species chromosome painting (Zoo-Fluorescence in situ hybridization or zoo-FISH) of E. edwardii flow-sorted probes that correspond to the five smaller sized autosomes (8-12) and the X chromosome showed no evidence of synteny disruption among Elephantulus sp. nov., E. intufi, E. myurus, P. tetradactylus and M. proboscideus, and reinforced the G-banding observations underscoring the conservative karyotypes in these species. A comprehensive phylogeny including all described elephant-shrew species is presented for the first time. A multigene supermatrix that included 3905 bp from three mitochondrial (12S rRNA, valine tRNA, 16S rRNA) and two nuclear segments (Von Willebrand factor [vWF] and exon 1 of the interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein [IRBP]) was analysed. Cytogenetic characters, previously described morphological, anatomical and dental features as well as allozyme data and penis morphology were evaluated and mapped to the molecular topology. The molecular findings did not support a monophyletic origin for the genus Elephantulus and suggests that both the monotypic Petrodromus and Macroscelides should be included in Elephantulus. Molecular dating suggests that an arid-adapted Macroscelidinae lineage dispersed from east Africa at ~11.5 million years ago via the African arid corridor to southwestern Africa. Subsequent speciation events within the Macroscelidinae are coincidental with three major periods of aridification of the African continent. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die orde Macroscelidea het ’n verspreiding beperk tot Afrika en sluit twee bestaande subfamilies in, die Rhynchocyoninae wat drie spesies binne ’n enkele genus insluit en die Macroscelidinae verteenwoordig deur drie genera, Elephantulus (10 spesies) en die monotipiese Macroscelides en Petrodromus. Gebaseer op molekulêre, sitogenetiese en morfologiese bewyse, bestaan E. edwardii, tot op datum die enigste streng endemiese Suid- Afrikaanse klaasneusspesie, uit twee nabyverwante taksa. Die nuwe Elephantulus takson, hierin beskryf, het ’n beperkte verspreiding in die sentraal Nama Karoo van Suid-Afrika. Afgesien van belangrike genetiese bewyse wat die beskrywing van die nuwe spesie ondersteun, word Elephantulus sp. nov. gekenmerk deur ’n aantal subtiele morfologiese karakters wat dit onderskei van E. edwardii. Binne E. edwardii sensu stricto, het mitochondriale molekulêre volgordes beduidende substruktuur aangedui regoor die spesies se verspreiding. Die data het die teenwoordigheid van ’n noordelike Namakwa en sentrale Fynbos klade aangetoon met vier evolusionêre lyne binne die laasgenoemde. Die geografiese skeiding van die noordelike en sentrale klades stem grootliks ooreen met patrone in ander rotsbewonende vertebraat spesies, wat op ’n gedeelde biogeografiese verlede in Suid-Afrika dui. Elephantulus rupestris (westelike klipklaasneus) en Macroscelides proboscideus (ronde-oor klaasneus) is twee taksa met verspreidings wat grootliks oorvleuel in die semi-woestyn streke van Suid-Afrika en Namibië. Mitochondriale DNS volgorde-bepaling dui op ’n gestruktueerde genetiese profiel binne E. rupestris, geassosieer met ’n habitat van rotskoppies, in vergelyking met ’n isolasie-deur-afstand patroon wat M. proboscideus, wat op gruisvlaktes aangetref word, karakteriseer. Chromosoom verandering, afgesien van heterochromatiese verskille, is beperk tot ’n strukturele verandering van ‘n diploïede getal van 26 (E. edwardii; E. rupestris; Elephantulus sp. nov.; E. intufi; E. brachyrhynchus en M. proboscideus) tot 2n=28 in beide Petrodromus tetradactylus asook E. rozeti en 2n=30 in E. myurus. Kruis-spesies chromosoom fluoressent hibridisasie (“zoo-FISH”) van die vloei-sorteerde merkers toegewys tot die vyf kleiner grootte outosome (8-12) asook die X chromosoom van E. edwardii tot metafase chromosome van Elephantulus sp. nov., E. intufi, E. myurus, P. tetradactylus en M. proboscideus het geen bewyse getoon van sintenie-verbreking nie en versterk G-bandbepaling waarnemings wat die konserwatiewe kariotipes in hierdie spesies ondersteun. ‘n Volledige evolusionêre filogenie, verteenwoordigend van alle erkende klaasneusspesies, word vir die eerste keer voorgestel. As sulks is ’n multigeen supermatriks wat gebaseer is op 3905 bp van drie mitochondriale (12S rRNA, valien tRNA, 16S rRNA) en twee nukluêre segmente (Von Willebrand faktor [vWF] en ekson 1 van die interfotoreseptor-retinoïed-bindende proteïen [IRBP]) ingesluit. As toevoeging, is nuwe sitogenetiese data, voorheen beskryfde morfologiese, anatomiese en dentale karakters sowel as data van allosieme-analises en penis morfologie ge-evalueer en nie-molekulêre ondersteuning aangedui op die molekulêre topologie. Die molekulêre bevindinge ondersteun nie ’n monofiletiese oorsprong vir Elephantulus nie en stel voor dat beide die monotipiese Petrodromus en Macroscelides ingesluit moet word in die genus Elephantulus. Molekulêre datering stel voor dat ’n dor-aangepasde Macroscelidinae lyn versprei het vanaf oos Afrika ~11.5 miljoen jaar gelede deur die “droeë Afrika korridor” tot in suidwestelike Afrika. Verdere spesiasie gebeurtenisse binne die Macroscelidinae kan nouliks geassosieer word met drie groot periodes van verdorring in Afrika.

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