Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-07T21:13:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FlavioMouraSilva.pdf: 12265404 bytes, checksum: 15367785bb1dabbe1c0f6398c05ce1c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T21:13:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlavioMouraSilva.pdf: 12265404 bytes, checksum: 15367785bb1dabbe1c0f6398c05ce1c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-31 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / In this study we investigated the hexaferrites type Y Ba2(Mg1-xCox)2Fe12O22 (x = 0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 and 1), Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 (Zn2Y) and type M BaFe12O19 (BaM). The experimental techniques used were the X-ray diffraction, XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), Specular Reflectance IR Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Magnetometry and Impedance Spectroscopy. The investigated samples were synthesized by ceramic conventional method. The results of X – ray diffraction confirmed to obtain the desired phase with a small amount of subphases, except for BaM did not show traces of impurities or subphases. XANES and XPS measurements indicated a predominance of 3+ valence for Fe ion and the presence of the 2+ and 3+ oxidation states to Co ions in the samples containing cobalt. As for measures of Raman spectroscopy and reflectance speculate at room temperature it was possible to classify the main bands, qualitatively, making a comparison of the spectra measured with ferrites spectra reported in the literature. From this analysis it was possible associate the high-frequency bands (560-700 cm -1) and low frequency bands (<130 cm-1) with vibration tetrahedra (Mg, Co and Zn)O4 and Ba-O, respectively. As for the system Ba2(Mg1-xCox)2Fe12O22, the specular reflectance spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns showed no appreciable change with magnesium substitution by cobalt, showing no change of space group in the samples due to this substitution. Analysis of the Raman spectra of this system showed that the bands shift to low frequency regions as it grows cobalt content in the structure and new bands at 623 cm-1 and 459 cm-1 appear, which are due to vibration Co-O bonds. Anomalies were observed in the phonon parameters (frequency, width and intensity) in Raman spectroscopy measurements at high and low temperatures in Ba2Mg2Fe12O22 (Mg2Y) samples, Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 (Zn2Y) and BaFe12O19 (BaM) at temperatures where they exhibit magnetic phase transitions. With the aid of additional magnetic measurements, we analyze these results in terms of the spin-phonon coupling. Furthermore, the observation of spin-phonon coupling in the low temperature on Mg2Y suggested magnetostriction as magnetoelectricity mechanism for this material. The electrical measurements on Mg2Y showed that the relaxation process is due to conductive mechanisms being thermally activated and showed grain and grain boundary contributions to the impedance of the sample. / Neste trabalho foram investigadas as hexaferritas tipo Y Ba2(Mg1-xCox)2Fe12O22 (x=0; 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8 e 1), Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 (Zn2Y) e tipo M BaFe12O19 (BaM). As técnicas experimentais utilizadas foram a Difração de raios X, XANES (X-ray Absortion Near Edge Structure), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho por Refletância Especular, Espectroscopia Raman, Magnetometria e Espectroscopia de Impedância. As amostras investigadas foram sintetizadas por método convencional cerâmico. Os resultados de difração de raios X confirmaram a obtenção das fases pretendidas com uma pequena quantidade de subfases, exceto para BaM que não apresentou traços de impurezas ou subfases. Medidas XANES e XPS indicaram uma redominância a valência 3+ para o Íon Fe e a presença dos estados de oxidação 2+ e 3+ para os Íons Co nas amostras que contém cobalto. Quanto ¾s medidas de Espectroscopia Raman e Refletância Especular ¾ temperatura ambiente foi possível classificar a principais bandas, de forma qualitativa, fazendo um comparativo dos espectros medidos com os espectros de ferritas reportados na literatura. Dessa análise foi possível associar as bandas de alta frequência (560-700 cm-1) e as bandas de baixa frequência (<130 cm-1) ¾s vibrações de tetraedros (Mg, Co e Zn)O4 e de Ba-O, respectivamente. Quanto ao sistema Ba2(Mg1-xCox)2Fe12O22, os espectros de refletância especular e padrões de difração de raios X não apresentaram mudanças apreciáveis com a substituição de magnésio por cobalto, mostrando que não há mudança de grupo espacial nas amostras devido a essa substituição. A análise dos espectros Raman desse sistema, mostrou que as bandas se deslocam para regiões de baixa frequência ¾ medida que cresce o teor de cobalto na estrutura e que novas bandas em 623 cm-1 e 459 cm-1 surgem, sendo estas devido ¾ vibração de ligações Co-O. Foram observadas anomalias nos parâmetros de fônons (frequência largura e intensidade) nas medidas de espectroscopia Raman em altas e baixas temperaturas nas amostras Ba2Mg2Fe12O22 (Mg2Y), Ba2Zn2Fe12O22 (Zn2Y) e BaFe12O19 (BaM) em temperaturas nas quais estas exibem transições de fase magnética. Com o auxílio de medidas magnéticas complementares, analisamos tais resultados em termos do acoplamento spin-fônon. Além disso, a observação do acoplamento spin-fônons em baixa temperatura na Mg2Y sugeriu a magnetostrição como mecanismo de magnetoeletricidade para este material. As medidas elétricas na Mg2Y mostraram que o processo de relaxação se deve a mecanismos condutivos termicamente ativados e revelaram contribuições de grão e contorno de grão para a impedância da amostra.

Magnetoelectric (ME) interactions in matter correspond to the appearance of magnetization by means of an electric field (direct effect) or the appearance of electric polarization by means of a magnetic field (converse effect). The composite laminates which possess large ME coefficient, have attracted much attention in the field of sensors, modulators, switches and phase inverters. In this thesis, we report on the ME performances of the bi- and tri- layered composites. It is shown that their ME couplings can be achieved by combining magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers. A model based on a driven damped oscillation is established for the piezoelectric/magnetostrictive laminated composite. It is used to simulate the mechanical coupling between the two layers. In addition, we report that the ME coupling can be achieved without magnetic phase but only with eddy current induced Lorentz forces in the metal electrodes of a piezoelectric material induced by ac magnetic field. The models based on the Lorentz effect inducing ME coupling in PZT unimorph bender, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film and PZT ceramic disc are thus established. The results show the good sensitivity and linear ME response versus dc magnetic field change. Thus, the room temperature magnetic field detection is achievable using the product property between magnetic forces and piezoelectricity. Besides, we report on the electrostrictive performance of cellular polypropylene electret after high-voltage corona poling. We use the Surface Potential test, Thermal Stimulated Depolarization Current experiment and Differential Scanning Calorimetry experiment to analyse its charge storage mechanism. The result show that the electrostrictive coefficient and relative permittivity of the charged samples increase. Last but not least, in order to explain this phenomenon, a mathematic model based on the charged sample has been established.

L’effet magnétoélectrique (ME) se traduit par la possibilité d’induire une magnétisation à l’aide d’un champ électrique (effet direct) ou celle d’induire une polarisation électrique à l’aide d’un champ magnétique (effet inverse). Les composites laminés qui possèdent de grands coefficients ME ont généré beaucoup d’intérêt dans le domaine des capteurs, des modulateurs, des interrupteurs et des inverseurs de phase. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons les performances de composites dits laminés à deux ou trois couches. Il a été montré que l’on pouvait obtenir des performances en conversion magnéto-électrique directe en associant des phases magnétostrictives et piézoélectriques. Une modélisation de leur comportement basée sur un oscillateur mécanique a été proposée. Elle a été en particulier utilisée pour simuler le couplage mécanique entre deux couches. Une autre approche pour développer des dispositifs originaux a consisté à utiliser un champ magnétique alternatif pour induire des courants de Foucault dans des électrodes métalliques et une Force de Lorentz en présence d’un deuxième champ magnétique continu. Si ces électrodes recouvrent un matériau piézoélectrique, la force de Lorentz sera alors convertie en signal électrique suivant l’effet direct. Cette approche permet donc de développer des dispositifs de conversion électromagnétique sans phase magnétique. Différents prototypes utilisant un bimorphe piézoélectrique, un film de PVDF et une céramique piézoélectrique ont été réalisés et caractérisés. Un signal électrique proportionnel à la composante continue du champ magnétique a été mis en évidence, ce qui ouvre des applications pour la détection magnétique. Cette thèse s’est également intéressée à l’augmentation du coefficient d’électrostriction par injection de charges électriques en utilisant la technique de décharge Corona. Cette étude a été réalisée sur du polypropylène, connu pour sa capacité à stocker des charges électriques. Le mécanisme de stockage de charge et l’effet sur l’électrostriction ont été étudiées par la mesure du potentiel de surface, la mesure des courants thermo-stimulés, la calorimétrie différentielle et l’interférométrie Laser. L’injection de charges a contribué à une augmentation de la permittivité et par la même à celle du coefficient d’électrostriction, en accord avec un modèle simple de distribution de charges dans l’échantillon. / Magnetoelectric (ME) interactions in matter correspond to the appearance of magnetization by means of an electric field (direct effect) or the appearance of electric polarization by means of a magnetic field (converse effect). The composite laminates which possess large ME coefficient, have attracted much attention in the field of sensors, modulators, switches and phase inverters. In this thesis, we report on the ME performances of the bi- and tri- layered composites. It is shown that their ME couplings can be achieved by combining magnetostrictive and piezoelectric layers. A model based on a driven damped oscillation is established for the piezoelectric/magnetostrictive laminated composite. It is used to simulate the mechanical coupling between the two layers. In addition, we report that the ME coupling can be achieved without magnetic phase but only with eddy current induced Lorentz forces in the metal electrodes of a piezoelectric material induced by ac magnetic field. The models based on the Lorentz effect inducing ME coupling in PZT unimorph bender, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film and PZT ceramic disc are thus established. The results show the good sensitivity and linear ME response versus dc magnetic field change. Thus, the room temperature magnetic field detection is achievable using the product property between magnetic forces and piezoelectricity. Besides, we report on the electrostrictive performance of cellular polypropylene electret after high-voltage corona poling. We use the Surface Potential test, Thermal Stimulated Depolarization Current experiment and Differential Scanning Calorimetry experiment to analyse its charge storage mechanism. The result show that the electrostrictive coefficient and relative permittivity of the charged samples increase. Last but not least, in order to explain this phenomenon, a mathematic model based on the charged sample has been established.