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An Arabic-to-English Translation of the Religious Debate between the Nestorian Patriarch Timothy I and the 'Abbāsid Caliph al-MahdīHackenburg, Clint R. 10 September 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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Royal women and politics in Safavid IranBirjandifar, Nazak. January 2005 (has links)
This thesis is a study of two major figures among the royal Safavid women in the sixteenth century, with a special focus on their political activities and style of leadership. I examine the socio-political careers of Pari Khan Khanum (955-985/1548-1578) and Mahd-i 'Ulya (d.987/1579) in connection with family and dynastic politics as well as the power struggle and factionalism among the qizilbash tribes. A detailed analysis of these powerful female political figures of the Safavid court leads one to conclude that first, royal women faced particularly complex social and personal restrictions, but nonetheless some managed - through their privileged status as upper-class women with access to education, wealth, and social and family networks - to advance their careers in politics. Second, these women were subject to the political rules and games of their time but faced additional impediments, for they competed with other women such as co-wives, sisters-in-law and others for social recognition and influence, at times leading to the ruthless elimination of female and male rivals. Third, Safavid women came to play an active role in shaping central political decisions and the succession of sovereigns. This reflects not merely gendered semi-nomadic Turcoman roles but also urban Iranian-Islamic transitional traditions which are comparable to Ottoman and 'Abbasid counterparts.
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Royal women and politics in Safavid IranBirjandifar, Nazak January 2005 (has links)
No description available.
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Lebensstrategien seltener Stromtalpflanzen : autökologische Untersuchung von Cnidium dubium, Gratiola officinalis und Juncus atratus unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Stressresistenz / Life strategies of rare river corridor plants : autecological investigation of Cnidium dubium, Gratiola officinalis and Juncus atratus with special consideration of their stress resistanceGeißler, Katja January 2008 (has links)
Die vorliegende Dissertation behandelt die Ökologie von Cnidium dubium (Schkuhr) Thell. (Sumpf-Brenndolde), Gratiola officinalis L. (Gottes-Gnadenkraut) und Juncus atratus Krocker (Schwarze Binse), drei gefährdeten Arten, die als sogenannte Stromtalpflanzen in Mitteleuropa in ihrem Vorkommen eng an die Flussauen gebunden sind.
Die Arbeit basiert auf verschiedenen Simulationsexperimenten und Feldstudien in der Unteren Havelniederung, einem „Feuchtgebiet von internationaler Bedeutung“. Sie behandelt Themenkomplexe wie das Samenbankverhalten, die Samenkeimung, die Stickstofflimitierung, die Konkurrenzkraft, das Verhalten der Pflanzen nach einer Sommertrockenheit und nach einer Winter/Frühjahrsüberflutung. Ferner widmet sie sich der Populationsbiologie der Arten und dem Verhalten der Pflanzen nach besonderen Störungsereignissen wie Mahd, Herbivorie und der Sommerflut 2002.
Der Leser erfährt, wie die Pflanzen in verschiedenen Lebensphasen auf die auentypische Umwelt reagieren und erhält umfassende Einblicke in physiologische Mechanismen, die der Anpassung an die typischen Bedingungen einer mitteleuropäischen Flussaue dienen.
Eine Interpretation der Ergebnisse zeigt auf, welche der spezifischen Eigenschaften zur Gefährdung der drei Stromtalarten beitragen.
Die Arbeit ist für den Arten-, Biotop- und Landschaftsschutz interessant. Darüber hinaus bietet sie zahlreiche Anknüpfungspunkte zur ökophysiologischen Grundlagenforschung. Die verstärkte Nutzung physiologischer Methoden bei der Klärung ökologischer Fragestellungen wird angeregt. / The thesis deals with the ecology of three endangered European river corridor angiosperms Cnidium dubium (Schkuhr) Thell., Gratiola officinalis L. und Juncus atratus Krocker.
The study is based on different experimental approaches and field surveys in a wetland along the Lower Havel River, a designated German Ramsar-site (Wetland of International Importance). This involves the examination of aspects of seed bank dynamics, germination, nitrogen limitation, competitive ability, and the response of plants to summer drought and/or winter/spring flooding. The thesis continues with a detailed study of the population biology of the species at natural sites and the response of these plants to specific disturbances like mowing, herbivory and the severe summer flooding in 2002.
The reader learns about the traits of the three plant species to tolerate the typical conditions their natural sites are exposed to in different phases of their life cycle. He gets a comprehensive look at physiological means by which plants can adapt to the prevailing conditions of European river lowlands.
The interpretation of the results is used to reveal specific plant traits, which may contribute to the endangerment of the three river corridor plants.
As such, this thesis is interesting for protection of species, biotopes and landscapes. Furthermore, it provides numerous close connections to fundamental research from an ecophysiological perspective. The increased use of physiological methods is recommended in order to be able to adequately resolve ecological problems.
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Solvent-free Microwave Extraction And Microwave-assisted Hydrodistillation Of Essential Oils From SpicesBayramoglu, Beste 01 September 2007 (has links) (PDF)
ABSTRACT
SOLVENT-FREE MICROWAVE EXTRACTION AND MICROWAVEASSISTED
HYDRODISTILLATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM
SPICES
Bayramoglu, Beste
M.S., Department of Food Engineering
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serpil Sahin
Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. S. Gü / lü / m Sü / mnü / September 2007, 130 pages
The undesirable effects of conventional methods generated the need for
economical and safe techniques in the extraction of essential oils.
Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and solvent-free microwave
extraction (SFME) are recently developed techniques, which are thought
to overcome this problem.
Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and rosemary
(Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were chosen in this study since they have high
antimicrobial and antioxidant effects and are widely grown and consumed
in Turkey.
The objectives of this study were to examine the applicability of SFME in
the extraction of essential oils from oregano and laurel, and MAHD in the
extraction of rosemary essential oil. The effects of microwave power and
extraction time on the yield, composition, and other quality parameters of
the extracts were also investigated. Hydrodistillation was performed as
control.
SFME offered significantly higher essential oil yields (0.054 mL oil/g
oregano) from oregano as compared to hydrodistillation (0.048 mL oil/g
oregano). Conventional process time was reduced by 80%. Main aroma
compound was thymol (650-750 mg thymol/mL oil).
For laurel, no significant differences were obtained in yields (about 0.022
mL oil/g laurel) obtained by SFME and hydrodistillation. Process time was
reduced by 55-60%. Main aroma compound was 1,8-cineole (630-730 mg
1,8-cineole/mL oil).
In the case of rosemary, no significant differences were obtained in yields
(about 0.026 mL oil/g rosemary) obtained by MAHD at 622 W and
hydrodistillation. The process time was reduced by about 65%. Main
aroma compounds were 1,8-cineole (430-500 mg 1,8-cineole/mL oil) and
camphor (150-210 mg camphor/mL oil).
Keywords: Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), Microwave-assisted
hydrodistillation (MAHD), Origanum vulgare L., Laurus nobilis L.,
Rosmarinus officinalis L.
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