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The role of social protection for the elderly caring for HIV/AIDS orphans in MalawiNgwira, Marumbo Prisca 10 October 2016 (has links)
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce,
Law and Management, University of the
Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Final Submission June, 2015. / The HIV and AIDS pandemic has increased the numbers of orphans
globally. The severity of the problem is greater in developing countries,
especially in Sub Saharan Africa. In Malawi, as in many other developing
countries, grandparents have stepped in and have embraced the role left
by the deceased parents, seeing the orphans through school, providing
food, clothing and shelter for them, even where the grandparents
themselves have no steady source of income. Despite the heavy burden
placed on grandparents as a result of HIV and AIDS, limited attention has
been given by governments, scholars and researchers to documenting in
detail the challenges faced by the elderly who look after orphaned
children.
This study examined the challenges faced by elderly people looking after
children orphaned by HIV and AIDS in Malawi using the Sustainable
Livelihoods Framework (SLF). This framework looks at household needs
and holistically categorises them in terms of social, financial, physical,
natural health, and government policies. Following a qualitative approach,
this study used a phenomenology approach in documenting the
challenges facing the elderly in Malawi, with a special focus on the
Rumphi and Zomba districts. The livelihood approach is part of rural
development theories that has moved away from the conventional
approaches towards development to holistic understanding of the
relationship between poverty and economic development.
The study also provided a case study on the role of social pensions in
Lesotho. Social protection, which is part of social development, focuses on
local community development with the emphasis not only on economic
development, but also on improvement of health, education, environment
and standard of living as critical contributors to sustainable development.
This is seen as a medium that discourages dependency and promotes the
participation of people in their own development. The aim was to profile
social protection benefits for the elderly in Lesotho as an example so that
insights could be drawn from the experience. The study used structured
and semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions as tools to
elicit information from grandparents, orphans, community leaders,
teachers, local leaders and policy makers.
The findings of the study indicate that the level of rural poverty in elderly
headed households has increased due to the challenges resulting from the
HIV and AIDS pandemic. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
presented in this paper advocates that sustained development is only
successful if it is based on evidence and understanding of household or
community needs holistically and systematically.
This study has highlighted five key elements required to understand the
elderly households through the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework.
Firstly, the evidence from this research challenges the SLF in that it does
not take into account all key factors necessary to understanding the
elderly households’ needs, As a result, this study proposes other
necessary enhancements to the SLF, such as the role of cultural practices
as part of social capital in supporting elderly livelihoods, especially where
patrilineal and matrilineal family systems exist.
Secondly, evidence from this study indicates that the notion of social
capital that includes dependency on community networks as key in
improving the general livelihood of societies has completely diminished
due to community fatigue in relation to offering care and support. The
study further reveals enhancements in the forms of social capital like
belonging to “secret friendships” or being a member of the village banking
scheme. However these social networks have limited elderly membership
because of community perceptions that elderly members may not
contribute much, be it financially or otherwise, hence the elderly are
excluded from social networks.
Thirdly, as a result of the many challenges faced by the elderly, this
research has highlighted an increase in negative coping strategies in
elderly households due to limited support from government and other
stakeholders. Negative coping strategies in this regard include engaging in
activities like casual labour (ganyu), selling alcohol, school dropouts,
selling green maize and begging. The more the elderly adopt negative
coping strategies, the more vulnerable they become over time.
Fourthly, the livelihoods framework has been used in this study to provide
a full understanding of situation of the elderly headed households. This
approach provides a new dimension to this body of knowledge as it is
used for the first time on elderly households. The research presents a
foundation that will require future researchers to look at elderly households
holistically and systematically within their context using this research as a
guideline or as a point of reference.
Finally, this research suggests a possible framework that would address
the needs of the elderly, with a combination of the livelihoods framework
as the analysis tool and the social pensions as the response mechanism
for alleviating the burden on elderly headed households. Social pensions
will act as a poverty cushion to the elderly members of the society to meet
their needs in raising orphaned children.
This research conclusively reinforces the role of social protection for
supporting the elderly livelihoods. The researcher’s contribution to theory
is embedded in the premises of integration of livelihoods frameworks as
an analysis tool that provides an holistic picture of understanding elderly
household challenges and needs. Social protection through social
pensions can be an intervention for supporting the household challenges
of the elderly. The combination of these two frameworks results in an
holistic and systematic analysis of elderly livelihoods and subsequent
support necessary to respond to their challenges. / MT2016
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The potential of rural women in promoting sustainable livelihoods supported by an appropriate theology of development in Katete Catholic Parish, Malawi.Mzumara, Happy Patrick. January 2004 (has links)
It is a duty of every person of good will in any given community and society to
promote freedom and development that enhances the potential of rural women and
women in general. One can only achieve this important task by firstly acknowledging
that women are persons fully created in the image of God and that they are part and
parcel of God's creation in all what is needed for human beings to value and appreciate
healthy livelihood in the world.
Once this duty is achieved, we will fully conclude that human beings need each other in
all social and economic development that helps to promote the potential that every
individual has in order to build sustainable livelihoods in a community. This is a big
task. This task could be facilitated if local resources, individual capacities, gifts, skills,
talents and dedicated people are available in the community.
This study has pursued the sustainable livelihoods of the rural women especially those
in Katete aiming at enhancing their potential. The major problem that this study has
focused is that the society and church in Katete is patriarchal and has failed to give
freedom to women so that they could utilize their capacities to participate in social and
economic development that would accord them healthy and sustainable livelihoods.
The methodology used in order to achieve these goals out of the women of Katete
Catholic Parish was through dialogue between the researcher and the women. Through
theological reflections, we discovered that the women of Katete have the potential to
contribute into the general livelihoods of the people of the area and the women in
general. From what the study gave us, we can freely say that women have natural gifts
imparted on them by God. The gifts that the women have can change the church and
the society's attitude bounded by patriarchal biases against women, which perceives
them as second-class citizens in participating fully in developmental agendas of the
society. / Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.
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The political economy of development aid: an investigation of three donor-funded HIV/AIDS programmes broadcast by Malawi television from 2004 to 2007Mulonya, Rodrick K A R January 2010 (has links)
Development aid in most of the developing countries can sometimes compromise the principles of public service broadcasting (PSB). This may be true when reflected against the tension between donor financed programmes in Malawi and the mandate of Television Malawi (TVM). Although the donor intentions are noble, the strings attached to the funding are sometimes retrogressive to the role of PSBs. A case in point is how donors dictate terms on the HIV/Aids communication strategies at TVM. Producers receive money from donors with strings attached on how the money should be used and accounted for. If producers deviate they are sanctioned through withholding funding, shifting schedules and reducing the funding frequency. The donors also dictate who to interview on what subject, how to conduct capacity building. Some scholars have researched much on the impact of commercialisation of the media. This study is a departure from these traditional interferences; it interrogates the interest of philanthropy tendencies by international donors in the three chosen HIV/Aids programmes broadcast by TVM. The study investigates the extent of pressure exerted by donors on the producers of HIV/Aids programmes in Malawi. Thus, the study seeks to illicit specifics in the power relationship between the donor and the producer hence the study employs the political economy of development aid as applied to the public service broadcasting and communication for development. The study employed qualitative research methods and techniques (in-depth interviews, case study and document analysis). The study reveals how donor ideologies dominate the Aids messages-content output of the texts constructed. The study argues that cultural alienation of the Malawian audiences retards efforts of donors in combating HIV infection rate.
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Children's participation in development : a study of Chata area developmnet programme of world visionBanda, Hastings Lisuntha 11 1900 (has links)
Participation in development is not a new concept as over the years, facilitators of
development have realized that meaningful development can only be achieved when the
people concerned take part in decision making and implementation of activities affecting
them.
This study was done to examine the extent to which child participation is being achieved
in a development programme area, facilitated by World Vision Malawi, a Non
Governmental Organization. The study was done in Chata Area development
programme (ADP) located in T/A Chimutu in Lilongwe district. Children are defined as
any person below the age 18.
The study used mixed methods approach in which quantitative and qualitative
approaches were used. Through random and purposive sampling, 110 children and 105
adults were interviewed using a questionnaire. Focus group discussions and key
informant interviews were also done to supplement information collected through the
questionnaires.
Analysis of the quantitative data collected was done using Scientific Package for Social
Scientists (SPSS) tool while the qualitative data was analyzed manually using common
themes that emerged from the findings.
The findings of the study show that despite the many development activities in Chata
area participation of children has been limited. Adults look down upon children as a
minority group which cannot meaningfully participate in development activities.
Furthermore, the study found such factors as cultural and traditional practices, gender,
level of education and other household characteristics to be the major barriers to
children‟s participating in development activities. Surprisingly, the findings further
indicate that much as the programme has been engaged in advocacy activities, these
have focused more on creating awareness on child protection only rather than child
participation.
The study argues that if children will have to sustain the development gains in
communities such as Chata, then they equally need to participate in the development
process to enhance their future capacities in related development activities.
On the overall, therefore, the study recommends that there is a need to create
awareness on the adults to change attitude when they look at children and begin to
create room for children to participate in the development process in an age appropriate
manner. There is a need to create systems and structures that will enable children be
included in the decision making process while building their capacity and self esteem. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Children's participation in development : a study of Chata area developmnet programme of world visionBanda, Hastings Lisuntha 11 1900 (has links)
Participation in development is not a new concept as over the years, facilitators of
development have realized that meaningful development can only be achieved when the
people concerned take part in decision making and implementation of activities affecting
them.
This study was done to examine the extent to which child participation is being achieved
in a development programme area, facilitated by World Vision Malawi, a Non
Governmental Organization. The study was done in Chata Area development
programme (ADP) located in T/A Chimutu in Lilongwe district. Children are defined as
any person below the age 18.
The study used mixed methods approach in which quantitative and qualitative
approaches were used. Through random and purposive sampling, 110 children and 105
adults were interviewed using a questionnaire. Focus group discussions and key
informant interviews were also done to supplement information collected through the
questionnaires.
Analysis of the quantitative data collected was done using Scientific Package for Social
Scientists (SPSS) tool while the qualitative data was analyzed manually using common
themes that emerged from the findings.
The findings of the study show that despite the many development activities in Chata
area participation of children has been limited. Adults look down upon children as a
minority group which cannot meaningfully participate in development activities.
Furthermore, the study found such factors as cultural and traditional practices, gender,
level of education and other household characteristics to be the major barriers to
children‟s participating in development activities. Surprisingly, the findings further
indicate that much as the programme has been engaged in advocacy activities, these
have focused more on creating awareness on child protection only rather than child
participation.
The study argues that if children will have to sustain the development gains in
communities such as Chata, then they equally need to participate in the development
process to enhance their future capacities in related development activities.
On the overall, therefore, the study recommends that there is a need to create
awareness on the adults to change attitude when they look at children and begin to
create room for children to participate in the development process in an age appropriate
manner. There is a need to create systems and structures that will enable children be
included in the decision making process while building their capacity and self esteem. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Community-based organizations in socio-economic development : the experience of Kasungu district in MalawiMgawanyemba, Gamaliel Dalitso 29 October 2009 (has links)
Community-based organizations are considered as one of the major institutions involved in community development apart from the state and non-governmental organizations. The idea of local participation is the one that has resulted into their emergence as participation is considered to be an essential part of human growth.
With the advent of democracy in 1994, and the coming in of the HIV and AIDS pandemic in Malawi, there has been a mushrooming of community-based organizations in the country.
Now that its over fourteen years since their emergence in Malawi, its high time a study was conducted to establish contributions the community-based organizations are making in the development if the country, identify the challenges they are facing and find possible solutions that can help improve their effectiveness.
This thesis presents findings of such a study done in Kasungu district in Malawi. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Community-based organizations in socio-economic development : the experience of Kasungu district in MalawiMgawanyemba, Gamaliel Dalitso 29 October 2009 (has links)
Community-based organizations are considered as one of the major institutions involved in community development apart from the state and non-governmental organizations. The idea of local participation is the one that has resulted into their emergence as participation is considered to be an essential part of human growth.
With the advent of democracy in 1994, and the coming in of the HIV and AIDS pandemic in Malawi, there has been a mushrooming of community-based organizations in the country.
Now that its over fourteen years since their emergence in Malawi, its high time a study was conducted to establish contributions the community-based organizations are making in the development if the country, identify the challenges they are facing and find possible solutions that can help improve their effectiveness.
This thesis presents findings of such a study done in Kasungu district in Malawi. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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