ABSTRACT Job satisfaction and life satisfaction have been two of the most researched social constructs for many decades. This study looks into the relationship that exists between job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and work–family conflict among salaried and self-employed male and female employees. It adds to existing literature by using Social Role Theory as a basis for explaining the variation in these relationships among males and females, and also makes the argument that gender is a propelling force in explaining the perceived conflict and its effect on life and job satisfaction. It also adds to existing literature by evaluating the above phenomenon among employed and self-employed males and females thereby bridging a significant gap in the literature on work-family conflict. The study makes use of data from the International Social Survey Program. Analyzing this data has led to a better understanding of the role of gender as a significant factor related to variations in work–family conflict. Also this paper reveals to us that the effect of work-family conflict is considerably lesser for self-employed individuals when compared to their salaried counterparts for both men and women. Other Key findings include the changing role of women in the society and the effect of children in a working household on work-family conflict, job and life satisfaction. INDEX WORDS: Job Satisfaction, Life Satisfaction, Work–Family Conflict, Employed and Self-Employed Males and Females

This thesis tests various hypotheses from a variety of research traditions that predict the likelihood for potential sex differences in "talking": a newly-emergent phase of romantic courtship. Data for this study was derived from a purposive sample of 566 students enrolled during the Fall 2011 semester generated using a self-administered survey available on the East Tennessee State University SONA system. Statistical analyses using chi-square, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and binary logistic regression reveal statistically significant differences for males and females on beliefs about sexual exclusivity and sexual activity during the "talking" phase. Significant behavioral differences exist in whether "talking" is viewed instrumentally as a means for information gathering. However, contrary to expectation, males and females did not reveal significant differences in how they defined "talking." It is suggested that future research further expand the types of variables included, and further efforts be made to combine quantitative and qualitative data sources.

O comportamento de escolha é entendido como a seleção de uma entre duas ou mais alternativas disponíveis, diferente da preferência, que está relacionada ao tempo despendido respondendo a uma dessas alternativas. Em pesquisas com não humanos, observa-se que os sujeitos escolhem com maior frequência as alternativas nas quais o reforço estará disponível de forma imediata, em pequena quantidade, em comparação com a alternativa na qual o reforço estará disponível somente depois que o animal esperar um tempo determinado (atraso), mas em maior quantidade. Apesar da literatura apresentar dados sobre a influência da restrição alimentar e do sexo do animal em tarefas de aprendizagem, é importante aprofundar a investigação desses aspectos em tarefas de escolha. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar o desempenho de ratos Sprague Dawley (machos e fêmeas) com história de restrição alimentar e ratos controle (com comida ad libitum), em uma tarefa de escolha, em que as alternativas variavam em relação ao atraso para ter acesso à comida e à quantidade de comida disponível. Foram utilizados 24 ratos (12 machos), de linhagem Sprague-Dawley, divididos em dois grupos. O Grupo Controle (C) recebeu dieta ad lib., enquanto o Grupo Restrição (R) teve sua dieta restrita a 80% da dieta do grupo controle. Aos 70 dias de idade, houve uma subdivisão dos grupos: metade dos animais do Grupo C formou o Grupo Controle-Restrito (CR 80% da dieta), e a outra metade o Controle-Controle (CC 100% da dieta). No Grupo R, metade dos animais formou o Grupo Restrito-Controle (RC 100% da dieta) e a outra metade, o Grupo Restrito-Restrito (RR 80% da dieta). Na Etapa 1 os animais exploravam labirinto em U em uma sessão de 10 tentativas. Na Etapa 2 foram realizadas 10 sessões de 16 tentativas de escolha forçada, sendo oito no braço direito, onde havia seis pelotas de ração disponíveis após atraso de 15 s (alternativa LL), e oito no braço esquerdo, com três pelotas de ração disponíveis sem atraso (alternativa SS). Na Etapa 3, foram conduzidas 45 sessões com 30 tentativas (10 forçadas e 20 livres), para verificar o padrão de escolha dos animais dos diferentes grupos em função da disponibilidade de reforço em cada alternativa, do atraso em uma das alternativas e do tempo inicial de espera (tempo T). Os animais de todos os grupos apresentaram preferência pela alternativa SS, independente do sexo ou da dieta. Ao comparar a porcentagem de escolhas dos grupos com relação às dietas foram verificadas diferenças no padrão e nas latências médias de escolha. O grupo RR apresentou latências médias de escolha significativamente inferiores às do grupo CC e um estabelecimento mais rápido de preferência pela alternativa SS que o grupo CC. Apesar de não terem sido encontradas diferenças significativas entre machos e fêmeas nos parâmetros analisados (possivelmente em função do n amostral), verificou-se que fêmeas apresentaram latências menores que machos em todos os grupos, além de porcentagens de escolha pela alternativa SS maiores que os machos. São discutidas hipóteses sobre a influência da dieta e da quantidade de alimento disponível em cada alternativa sobre as escolhas dos grupos. Essas hipóteses são também relacionadas a aspectos evolutivos, referentes às funções desempenhadas por machos e fêmeas na natureza. / The behavior of choice is understood as the selection of between two or more alternatives available, different from the preference, which is related to the time spent by responding to one of these alternatives. In researches with non-human animals, it is observed that the subjects choose more frequently the alternatives on which the reinforcement will be available immediately, in small quantity, in comparison with the alternative in which the reinforcement is available only after the animal expects a certain time (delay), but in greater quantity. Although literature present data on the influence of food restriction and the sex of the animal in tasks of learning, it is important to deepen the investigation of these aspects in tasks of choice. The objective of this research was to compare the performance of rats Sprague Dawley (male and female) with a history of food restriction and control rats (with food ad libitum), in a task of choice, in that the alternatives varied in relation to the waiting time for access to food and the quantity of food available. 24 albino rats (12 males), from Sprague-Dawley lineage was used, divided in two groups. The Control Group (C) received diet ad lib., while the group restriction (R) had their diet restricted to 80% of the diet of the control group. At 70 days of age, there was a subdivision of the groups: half of the animals from group C formed the Group Controle-Restrito (CR - 80% of the diet), and the other half the Controle-Controle (CC - 100% of the diet). In Group R, half of the animals formed the Group Restrito-Controle (RC - 100% of the diet) and the other half, the Restrito-Restrito group (RR - 80% of the diet). In Step 1 the animals explored the labyrinth in U in a session of 10 attempts. In Step 2, there were 10 sessions of 16 attempts of forced choice, being 8 in the right arm, where there were six pellets of ration available after delay of 15 s, and eight in the left arm with three pellets of rations without delay. In Step 3, 45 sessions were conducted with 30 attempts (10 forced and 20 free), tarry check the default choice of animals of different groups in relation to the availability of strengthening in each alternative, the delay in one of the alternatives and the initial time wait time (T). Animals of all groups have preference for the SS alternative, independently of sex or diet. Differences were verified in the pattern and average latencies of choices in comparing the percentage of choices of the groups in relation to the diets. The RR group presented significantly lower average latency in comparison to group CC and a faster preference was established for alternative SS than group CC. Even having no significant differences been found between males and females in the scope studied (possibly due to then sampling), it was verified that females present lower latencies that males in all groups, besides the higher percentages for choosing alternative SS in males. Hypotheses are discussed on the influence of the diet and the quantity of food available in each alternative over the group choices. These hypotheses are also related to evolutionary aspects, referent to functions performed by males and females in nature.

O comportamento de escolha é entendido como a seleção de uma entre duas ou mais alternativas disponíveis, diferente da preferência, que está relacionada ao tempo despendido respondendo a uma dessas alternativas. Em pesquisas com não humanos, observa-se que os sujeitos escolhem com maior frequência as alternativas nas quais o reforço estará disponível de forma imediata, em pequena quantidade, em comparação com a alternativa na qual o reforço estará disponível somente depois que o animal esperar um tempo determinado (atraso), mas em maior quantidade. Apesar da literatura apresentar dados sobre a influência da restrição alimentar e do sexo do animal em tarefas de aprendizagem, é importante aprofundar a investigação desses aspectos em tarefas de escolha. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar o desempenho de ratos Sprague Dawley (machos e fêmeas) com história de restrição alimentar e ratos controle (com comida ad libitum), em uma tarefa de escolha, em que as alternativas variavam em relação ao atraso para ter acesso à comida e à quantidade de comida disponível. Foram utilizados 24 ratos (12 machos), de linhagem Sprague-Dawley, divididos em dois grupos. O Grupo Controle (C) recebeu dieta ad lib., enquanto o Grupo Restrição (R) teve sua dieta restrita a 80% da dieta do grupo controle. Aos 70 dias de idade, houve uma subdivisão dos grupos: metade dos animais do Grupo C formou o Grupo Controle-Restrito (CR 80% da dieta), e a outra metade o Controle-Controle (CC 100% da dieta). No Grupo R, metade dos animais formou o Grupo Restrito-Controle (RC 100% da dieta) e a outra metade, o Grupo Restrito-Restrito (RR 80% da dieta). Na Etapa 1 os animais exploravam labirinto em U em uma sessão de 10 tentativas. Na Etapa 2 foram realizadas 10 sessões de 16 tentativas de escolha forçada, sendo oito no braço direito, onde havia seis pelotas de ração disponíveis após atraso de 15 s (alternativa LL), e oito no braço esquerdo, com três pelotas de ração disponíveis sem atraso (alternativa SS). Na Etapa 3, foram conduzidas 45 sessões com 30 tentativas (10 forçadas e 20 livres), para verificar o padrão de escolha dos animais dos diferentes grupos em função da disponibilidade de reforço em cada alternativa, do atraso em uma das alternativas e do tempo inicial de espera (tempo T). Os animais de todos os grupos apresentaram preferência pela alternativa SS, independente do sexo ou da dieta. Ao comparar a porcentagem de escolhas dos grupos com relação às dietas foram verificadas diferenças no padrão e nas latências médias de escolha. O grupo RR apresentou latências médias de escolha significativamente inferiores às do grupo CC e um estabelecimento mais rápido de preferência pela alternativa SS que o grupo CC. Apesar de não terem sido encontradas diferenças significativas entre machos e fêmeas nos parâmetros analisados (possivelmente em função do n amostral), verificou-se que fêmeas apresentaram latências menores que machos em todos os grupos, além de porcentagens de escolha pela alternativa SS maiores que os machos. São discutidas hipóteses sobre a influência da dieta e da quantidade de alimento disponível em cada alternativa sobre as escolhas dos grupos. Essas hipóteses são também relacionadas a aspectos evolutivos, referentes às funções desempenhadas por machos e fêmeas na natureza. / The behavior of choice is understood as the selection of between two or more alternatives available, different from the preference, which is related to the time spent by responding to one of these alternatives. In researches with non-human animals, it is observed that the subjects choose more frequently the alternatives on which the reinforcement will be available immediately, in small quantity, in comparison with the alternative in which the reinforcement is available only after the animal expects a certain time (delay), but in greater quantity. Although literature present data on the influence of food restriction and the sex of the animal in tasks of learning, it is important to deepen the investigation of these aspects in tasks of choice. The objective of this research was to compare the performance of rats Sprague Dawley (male and female) with a history of food restriction and control rats (with food ad libitum), in a task of choice, in that the alternatives varied in relation to the waiting time for access to food and the quantity of food available. 24 albino rats (12 males), from Sprague-Dawley lineage was used, divided in two groups. The Control Group (C) received diet ad lib., while the group restriction (R) had their diet restricted to 80% of the diet of the control group. At 70 days of age, there was a subdivision of the groups: half of the animals from group C formed the Group Controle-Restrito (CR - 80% of the diet), and the other half the Controle-Controle (CC - 100% of the diet). In Group R, half of the animals formed the Group Restrito-Controle (RC - 100% of the diet) and the other half, the Restrito-Restrito group (RR - 80% of the diet). In Step 1 the animals explored the labyrinth in U in a session of 10 attempts. In Step 2, there were 10 sessions of 16 attempts of forced choice, being 8 in the right arm, where there were six pellets of ration available after delay of 15 s, and eight in the left arm with three pellets of rations without delay. In Step 3, 45 sessions were conducted with 30 attempts (10 forced and 20 free), tarry check the default choice of animals of different groups in relation to the availability of strengthening in each alternative, the delay in one of the alternatives and the initial time wait time (T). Animals of all groups have preference for the SS alternative, independently of sex or diet. Differences were verified in the pattern and average latencies of choices in comparing the percentage of choices of the groups in relation to the diets. The RR group presented significantly lower average latency in comparison to group CC and a faster preference was established for alternative SS than group CC. Even having no significant differences been found between males and females in the scope studied (possibly due to then sampling), it was verified that females present lower latencies that males in all groups, besides the higher percentages for choosing alternative SS in males. Hypotheses are discussed on the influence of the diet and the quantity of food available in each alternative over the group choices. These hypotheses are also related to evolutionary aspects, referent to functions performed by males and females in nature.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-131) / This study investigates the place of the Shona-Karanga women as reflected in Shona proverbs concerning women. Reviewed literature covers the world, African and Zimbabwean perspectives on women. It discusses and examines changes in the role and status of Shona –Karanga women in the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. The study examines men’s attitude towards women, women’s attitude towards themselves and women’s responsibilities in Shona-Karanga communities in relation to Shona proverbs. Proverbial statements discussed were from participants and other sources. Government’s effort in improving the women’s status was examined. The study uses mixed research methods of data generation and presentation. Research findings show that women lost their glory during the colonial period but the blame is levelled against Karanga culture which actually holds women with high esteem. The study established that most participants were ignorant of proverbs concerning women. The research was an eye opener to women about the tremendous potential they have / African Languages / M.A. (African languages)