<p>The use of Phase Change Material, PCM, to change the thermal inertia of lightweight buildings is investigated in the CRAFT project C-TIDE. It is a joint project with Italian and Swedish partners, representing both industry and research. PCMs are materials where the phase change enthalpy can be used for thermal storage. The Swedish application is a night ventilation system where cold night air is used to solidify the PCM. The PCM is melted in the day with warm indoor air and thereby the indoor air is cooled. The system is intended for light weight buildings with an overproduction of heat during daytime. In the thesis, the results of experiments and numerical simulations of the application are presented. The theoretical background in order design the heat exchanger and applying the installation in thermal simulation software is presented. An extensive program is set up, in order to develop test methods and carry tests to evaluate the performance over time of the PCM. Testing procedures are set up according to ISO standards concerning service life testing. The tests are focused on the change over time of the Thermal Storage Capacity (TSC) in different temperature spans. Measurements are carried out on large samples with a water bath calorimeter. The service life estimation of a material is based on the performance of one or more critical properties over time. When the performances of these properties are below the performance requirements, the material has reached its service life. The critical properties of the PCM are evaluated by simulation of the application. The performance requirements of the material are set up according to general requirements of PCM and requirements according to building legislation. The critical properties of a PCM are the transition temperature, the melting temperature range and the TSC in the operative temperature interval. The critical property of the application is its energy efficiency.</p><p>The results of the study show that the night cooling system will lower the indoor air temperature during daytime. It also shows that the tested PCM does not have a clear phase change, but an increased specific heat in the operative temperature interval. Increasing the amount of material, used in the application, can compensate this. Finally, the tested PCM is thermally stable and the service life of the product is within the range of the design lives of the building services. It is essential to for all designers to know the performance over time of the properties of PCMs. Therefore it is desirable that standardized testing methods of PCM are established and standardized classification systems of PCMs are developed.</p>

<p>Industrial housing is the strategy of the future for efficient housing. The strategy exploits the principles and work methods of production systems and is applied to the construction industry. Traditionally the construction sector considers production of one-of-a-kind products as de facto solutions. However, this strategy requires new paradigms, supporting methodologies and business models. The purpose of this thesis is to present and describe a business model that supports the strategy, which meet the project oriented market’s one-of-a-kind demands with customized multi-story houses. </p><p>Industrial manufacturing of customized houses can be accomplished by industrial strategies, such as Mass Customization. The prerequisites are that the organizational properties, mentioned in the list below, have to be integrated and adjusted to the elementary principles of industrial production and Mass Customization.</p><p>Fundamental philosophy of the Company</p><p>Organizational Structure and Management </p><p>Market and Business Process</p><p>Product ModelProduction System</p><p>Information and Communication Systems</p><p>In this thesis an industrial approach was used to identify the fundamental characteristics in industrial manufacturing and Mass Customization, and its influence of the organizational properties for industrial housing. The foundations of industrial production are a standardized product structure, standardized processes, manual and machine operations, process oriented production, and controlled material flow. Mass Customization is a strategy to achieve customized but industrial produced products with the same efficiency as mass production. It is based on standardized product models, which can be configured and flexible production systems, in which process and resources can be reconfigured in a systematic way. </p><p>On the basis of this a normative business model (The MC-House) was developed, empirical tested and validated through case studies. The truck manufacture, Scania CV AB, and the industrial housing entrepreneur, NCC Komponent AB, were investigated by interviews and company archives. The result showed that on organizational property level the business model was generic and valid for industrial manufacturing of discrete configured products. In what extent individual products could be configured and produced with a certain performance, require different designs within the organizational properties. The more individual configuration that could be managed, the more complex the executive management gets. To achieve an effective business the complexity has to be met by definition, systemizing, and integration on the corresponding organizational hierarchic level as the configuration is managed.</p><p>When considered the fundamental characteristics of construction, buildings has to be assembled there it will be used, the result also showed that the production system for industrial housing should be divided in two. One stationary manufacturing system, the factory, and one mobile assemble system at the construction site. Another condition that has to be considered is that the generic product model should be able to meet the local requirements.</p><p>Further the study indicated that the a industrial housing company is different from a traditional construction company, regarding the organizational structure, the market management, production approach, product model handling, business and project processes. Within an industrial housing company the activity is process oriented around the continuous production process. This mean that a house or a project cannot be considered as strictly unique, rather just another order which is made of standardized components, produced in the same process and with same recourses as previous and future other orders. In fact an industrial housing company has more in common with organizations of industrial manufacturing than with classical construction entrepreneurs organized for project oriented and hand craft production.</p>

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Examensarbetets uppdrag är att skapa en bild av dagens situation gällande duglighet vid de två bearbetande verkstäderna TMA och TMG. Vidare ska en analys av duglighetsarbete i dagsläget utföras och en modell för hur arbetet kan ske i framtiden tas fram. Syftet med examensarbetet är att erbjuda berörd personal vid Volvo Construction Equipment AB Component Division i Eskilstuna en modell för arbete med duglighetsstudier och uppföljning så att dugligare processer kan uppnås. Det primära syftet är att skapa rutiner så att man fortsätter arbetet efter ett duglighetsindex beräknats och inte endast konstaterar att resultatet är bra eller dåligt. I efterarbetet ska man försöka koppla bidragande faktorer från ett otillfredsställande utfall till de 4M:en (Maskin, Människa, Metod och Material). På CMP sker självklart ett kontinuerligt kvalitetsarbete då ett av Volvos starka kärnvärden är kvalitet, men trots det ständiga arbetet når man inte alltid de uppsatta kvalitetsmålen. Ett steg i att förändra situationen är införandet av ”The CMP Zero Tolerance Program” som är ett led till att förbättra kvaliteten och sänka antalet defekter till 600 PPM. Detta examensarbete är en del i det programmet och fokuserar på duglighetsarbetet. För att nå dugligare processer krävs ett kontinuerligt förbättringsarbete. Det förutsätter att man aktivt fortsätter projektet efter att man beräknat ett duglighetsindex samt lokaliserar orsakande faktorer och förbättrar läget. För att få till detta arbete krävs rutiner och engagemang. Rapporten levererar en modell för hur man vardagligt kan arbeta med duglighet men även rutiner för en effektivt förbättringsarbete.

Denna rapport är ett resultat av den expansionsfas Söderhamn Eriksson AB i Mariannelund befinner sig i idag. De ökade kraven som ställs på tillverkningsföretag såsom SEMAB/Remill har gjort att kontakt tagits med studenter på Tekniska Högskolan i Jönköping. Den uppgift studenterna stått inför är att analysera och ge förslag, som kan förbättra materialflödet inom verksamheten i Mariannelund. Målet med detta projekt är att förbättra och effektivisera nuvarande materialflöde hos SEMAB/Remill. För att uppnå detta mål ges förslag på en ny, fristående enhet för bearbetning av råmaterialet. Layoutförslag och vilka krav som kommer att ställas på en sådan enhet beskrivs och diskuteras. Hur verksamheten skulle kunna förbättras om situationen som råder idag behålls diskuteras vidare i rapporten. Studier hos de två befintliga produktionsenheterna har gjorts i olika former. De metodiker som använts är nulägesbeskrivning, kartläggning av materialflöden, intervjuer och en undersökning av servicegraden in till den bearbetning (svetsning eller skärande bearbetning) som följer efter att råmaterialet kapats eller skurits. Förseningsundersökningen som gjordes på de två produktionsenheterna gav resultatet att SEMAB hade försening på 20 % av materialet, medan Remill hade 12 % försening på sitt material. På grund av kort undersökningsperiod och något lugnare produktionstakt gav inte denna undersökning den förmodade graden av förseningar som upplevs av personer inom organisationen. Resultatet av de analyser och förslag som kommit fram vid intervjuerna har framställts i en ny layout med placering på Remillfastigheten, samt förslag på alternativ placering. Hur företaget skulle kunna förbättra produktiviteten med förbättringsarbete är en annan del av huvudtyngdpunkten i resultatet. I diskussionen behandlas de förslag som givits vidare. Fördelar vägs mot nackdelar och alternativ till var en ny enhet skulle kunna vara placerad ges. Ledarskapet är en viktig del vid förbättringsarbete som beskrivs och diskuteras vidare. Förslag som kommit från medarbetare, men inte bearbetats vidare reflekteras i diskussionen. Slutsatsen av de analyser och intervjuer som gjorts är att det föreligger problem med materialhanteringen inom verksamheten. Att något måste göras för att förbättra produktiviteten förefaller därför som en självklarhet. För att förenkla för läsaren att visuellt skapa sig en bild av hur det ser ut hos SEMAB och Remill har bilagor framställts på layouter och placeringen av de olika enheterna, dels som bilagor sist i rapporten, men även löpande i rapporten.

Grouting is a common method of sealing rock around tunnels to reduce or stop water inflow. Successful grouting significantly minimizes the maintenance cost and safety of the tunnel. Some questions about bleeding and penetrability of the grouts have to be examined more closely to carry out a successful grouting. Bleeding of cement-based grout is a complex problem. Measuring methods used today originate from the measuring of the bleeding of cement pastes used in ordinary building industry. Whether bleeding measured with a standard method is relevant for bleeding in small fractures in rocks is one of the main questions in this study. The aim of the study is to illustrate what really happens with a grout during bleeding and which factors and processes influence it. In this way relevant measuring methods can be developed as well as the knowledge regarding interpretation of the measured results. The study has shown the most important factors which governs bleeding in cement-based grout. It has also shown that the results measured with standard methods are not relevant for bleeding of grout in rock joints and that voids in the joints caused by bleeding could be refilled during grouting itself. An important aspect of grouting is penetration of the grout. The penetration is defined as the length of how far grout penetrates in the rock through fractures from a bore hole. Filtration of the grout is a result of a plug building at fracture constrictions which reduces the penetrability of the grout. This is the other important issue discussed in the study which examines the question whether this can be measured by some measuring method and which factors and processes influence penetrability and filtration. A hypothesis of how the factors w/c ratio, pressure and relative constriction influence penetrability are presented and tested by special constructed measuring equipment. The results obtained by this measuring equipment are compared with the results measured with a penetrability meter. / QC 20100709

<p>The design work that precedes the automation of a process is not an easy job. Each one of the variables and possible risks involved in process must be carefully considered before implement the final design as well the requirements in performance and cost. However automate a dangerous, inefficient or just uncomfortable task entails many benefits that make up for the long period of design process. A well automated line will benefit the production with quality, productivity and capacity among other profits. In this project the immediate objective is to automate the “SANDFLEX Hacksaw blades” packaging process in the plant that SNAEurope owns in Lidköping. Actually the packing is completely manual. One operator packs the blades into the boxes meanwhile one more operator loads and unloads the packing station with empty and full boxes respectively. The task is both, tiring and uncomfortable for the operators as well inefficient for the company since the production rate is limited.</p><p>Analyzing and observing carefully product and process, different theories and strategies to achieve the goal were developed. Three are the possible solutions to solve the problem, with different levels of automation and technologies. The robotic solution uses an articulated robot to perform all the tasks; the hybrid solution uses pneumatic devices to pack the blades and an articulated robot to support the station loading and unloading the boxes. Finally the pneumatic solution uses only pneumatic devices, which hold, open and close, push box and blades using airpower; a few sensors detect positions and states, since a PLC coordinates and controls all process. By means of discussing these solutions with the company’s engineers and workers, after a deep literature study and two test of performance, was it possible to select the most suitable solution to accomplish the packaging task. The pneumatic solution is cheap and simple, but at the same time robust and reliable. This design performs the packaging task efficiently and fast. And more important, the operator passes from pack manually the blades to monitor the process.</p>

This thesis describes the procedures developed to control the quality of centred boiled sweet production at the TREBOR factory at Chesterfield. The current Quality Control theory and documentation of existing sweet process lines is examined and used as a basis to assess the problems and possibilities of implementing techniques in this application. Initial statistical analyses of the range of centres produced and common defects are shown. From these analyses came a confirmation that the Quality Control organisation was essentially limited by the low level of process knowledge and technology and the high level of skill required to operate the current process. Based on this analysis of the problem areas the major necessary improvements were then investigated and corrections implemented. These were the design of the rope sizing equipment, and the establishing of control and monitoring functions within the process. A mechanism for rope sizing was then built, a larger and improved centre pipe was designed and installed, and these together with a photodiode camera system to monitor rope size and reject waste has resolved the problems not resolved by the original quality control system. The results have been, a greater understanding of the way in which Quality Control organisations work in practice, and ways in which a high speed continuous and multivariable process can be altered to facilitate more effective control to enhance the product. TREBOR have gained a manufacturing process line which is improved because of a clear increase in the understanding of the old process, and the modifications necessary to include features for the maintenance of better quality during production. Some of the operators' high skill requirement has been replaced with better designed equipment and in-process monitoring.

This study was carried out in order to investigate the effect of cutting parameters on the conventional hobbing process in which the response is analysed and practically tested. The investigation is n six sections: (i) Assessment of cutting torques and power consumed during hobbing. (ii) The study of the variation of gear teeth surface roughness (iii) Investigation of generated vibrations during hobbing (iv) Analysis of the mechanics of uncut-chip (v) The study of tool wear and tool life (vi) A general viewpoint of the economic problem in hobbing. In section (i) tests were conducted in order to assess readily a method of determining cutting torque encountered by hob shaft. Power consumed during hobbing was also measured by changing various cutting parameters. Observations were taken when hobbing spur and helical gears. Unlike others, the effect of cutting speed was shown to have a significant effect both upon cutting torques and power consumed. In section (ii) the nature of gear teeth surface was discussed. Axial feed, hob speed and hob D.P. were seen to have a highly significant influence on surface roughness. In section (iii) investigation was carried out into the effect of cutting parameters upon the machine tool vibration. Stability was shown to depend strongly upon speed, feed and hob D.P. In section (iv) a practical method to calculate volume of metal removed during hobbing is presented and a theoretical analysis of uncut-chip thickness and width is attempted. In section (v) the wear mechanism in hobbing is discussed, "rake face" wear proved to oe a suitable tool-life criterion when cutting materials less than (20 HB) under normal cutting consitions. Cutting speed was seen to have the highest significant influence on tool life, while axial feed was not significant. Section (vi) combines all the previous effects of cutting parameters to give a general viewpoint of the economic problem in hobbing, where power, surface roughness and tangential cutting force were the only constraints restricting the operability region for the given machining conditions.

A commercially available bismaleimide (Compimide 353[sup]R) was blended with a toughening reactive rubber (Hycar[sup]R 1300 X 13). The rate of crosslinking as a function of rubber content and cure temperature was determined using sol-gel analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Fourier transform infra-red was used to monitor the reaction of the maleimide group. The final degree of crosslinking was dependent on the cure temperature, for 0- 33pphr reactive rubber and independent for blends of 66-100pphr reactive rubber. The addition of a cure accelerator, diazobicyclo[ 2,2,2] octane (DABCO[sup]R) to one bismaleimide reactive rubber blend was studied. The rate and degree of crosslinking were found to be high with the addition of DABCO[sup]R. Extractable monomers present in under cured samples were studied by high pressure liquid chromatography. No detectable difference was observed in the reaction rate of the aliphatic component compared to that of the aromatic components. The mechanical properties of these materials were measured. Materials with only 33pphr reactive rubber still exhibited brittle characteristics, materials with 66pphr and 100pphr showed good tensile and fracture properties, the 66pphr blend being the preferred in terms of tensile strength, modulus and elongation. Addition of a cure accelerator (0.4-1.0% w/w) to the 66pphr material increased the fracture toughness two fold. The mechanism of DABCO[sup]R as a cure accelerator is proposed. It is suggested that the crosslinking mechanism changes from a free radical to an anionic mechanism. The morphology of cure accelerated blends changed depending on the amount of DABCO[sup]R used. Attempts were made to estimate the plastic zone size of these materials using several different methods, however, none of these methods betrayed conclusive evidence for the presence of a plastic zone. The theoretical plastic zone size and shapes were determined using the Irwin, Dugdale, von Mises and Tresca models.