In order to meet increasingly strict regulations on vehicle emissions, manufacturers are seeking ways to produce vehicles that emit less pollution and consume less fuel. Eco-driving is the optimisation of velocity and gear selection in existing vehicles to reduce fuel consumption and such reductions can be made at relatively low development costs compared to powertrain modification. However, the driving experience of a premium vehicle could be compromised if the vehicle behaviour differs from that which is expected by the driver and the acceptance of such fuel saving measures may be diminished. Therefore, in order to maintain the driving experience the contribution of this work is the development and implementation of an optimal control algorithm based on Dynamic Programming which optimises, in real time, the vehicle velocity and gear selection based on a vehicle and upcoming road model while consideration is given to objective measures of driveability. The algorithm is deployed on a Raspberry Pi miniature computer with connection to the vehicle data network. Fuel savings and time savings are identified with the optimisation algorithm both with and without violating constraints on driveability, first in simulation and finally in a real-time, in-vehicle eco-driving feedback system. Primarily the application of this system is in internal combustion engine passenger vehicles in both urban and extra-urban road situations, however the approach is deliberately flexible to allow development for other powertrain configurations.

<p>Examensarbetets uppdrag är att skapa en bild av dagens situation gällande duglighet vid de två bearbetande verkstäderna TMA och TMG. Vidare ska en analys av duglighetsarbete i dagsläget utföras och en modell för hur arbetet kan ske i framtiden tas fram.</p><p>Syftet med examensarbetet är att erbjuda berörd personal vid Volvo Construction Equipment AB Component Division i Eskilstuna en modell för arbete med duglighetsstudier och uppföljning så att dugligare processer kan uppnås. Det primära syftet är att skapa rutiner så att man fortsätter arbetet efter ett duglighetsindex beräknats och inte endast konstaterar att resultatet är bra eller dåligt. I efterarbetet ska man försöka koppla bidragande faktorer från ett otillfredsställande utfall till de 4M:en (Maskin, Människa, Metod och Material).</p><p>På CMP sker självklart ett kontinuerligt kvalitetsarbete då ett av Volvos starka kärnvärden är kvalitet, men trots det ständiga arbetet når man inte alltid de uppsatta kvalitetsmålen. Ett steg i att förändra situationen är införandet av ”The CMP Zero Tolerance Program” som är ett led till att förbättra kvaliteten och sänka antalet defekter till 600 PPM. Detta examensarbete är en del i det programmet och fokuserar på duglighetsarbetet.</p><p>För att nå dugligare processer krävs ett kontinuerligt förbättringsarbete. Det förutsätter att man aktivt fortsätter projektet efter att man beräknat ett duglighetsindex samt lokaliserar orsakande faktorer och förbättrar läget. För att få till detta arbete krävs rutiner och engagemang. Rapporten levererar en modell för hur man vardagligt kan arbeta med duglighet men även rutiner för en effektivt förbättringsarbete.</p>

No description available.

<p>In order to accomplish that a construction is correctly built, it is critical to obtain a well functioning control mechanism throughout the project. The way to enable this is not by having an independent inspector constantly at your side. Today it is praxis to use check lists and have people responsible of quality to make sure that these are followed. This is where discretionary inspections play their part. These among others are documents needed to com-plete the check list. Documented discretionary inspections are based on a control mechanism that allows the entrepreneurs to, in their own organizations, self check the performed task, and by that ensure that the quality of each task is executed in a satisfying way. Due to the fact that most projects today are suffering by lack of time during construction, it is most likely to presume that the discretionary inspections can fall out of the priority, be performed in an unsatisfying way or not be performed at all.</p><p>However, experience from construction business tells us that calculated energy consumption often differs from the actual, once the building is completed. This anomaly strikes hardest to apartment blocks and therefore we intend to find a connection between poorly executed dis-cretionary inspections and high energy usage. Discretionary inspections are used by most contractors in the construction business to ensure that the work in progress always serves en-vironmental lines of thoughts.</p><p>During the progress in our writing we have achieved a good insight in routines and how the business works, for good and for bad. The report finishes with a discussion considering the overall concept of discretionary inspections, how to improve them and potential ways of supporting the concept in the future.</p>

No description available.

<p>Abstract</p><p>My task was to prepare the already designed heating list “Stayhot” for manufacturing.</p><p>I started with drawing the whole list in the CAD-program. It became obvious that some of the designed components had to be changed to work in practice.</p><p>A turnable reflector couldn’t be combined with the isolation. The suggested light emitting diodes wouldn’t give enough light, so I cut them out and the problem with light remains to be solved. The old grating had many rods and I changed that to a grating with fewer rods to make it easier to clean. The hanging-up of the grating was also changed.</p><p>The lower ceasing was changed to be closed towards the reflector to avoid filth and damp.</p><p>The reflector had a different shape. From having been square it became oval to follow the shape of the above ceasing and have a more even isolation. It also opens up to the possibility to use two heating elements. The heating-source should have been changed to be warmer, but as the new elements didn’t come until my work was almost finished, I couldn’t use it.</p>

<p>Bakgrunden till examensarbetet är att det finns ett behov av att höja utnyttjandegraden i stans- och lasermaskiner hos Lars Höglund AB. Anledningen till att utnyttjandegraden behöver höjas är att företaget vill bli mera lönsamt och mera konkurrenskraftigt.</p><p>Uppgiften har varit att mäta utnyttjandegraden, göra en probleminventering och ta fram förslag på åtgärder som kan lösa de problem som kom fram i probleminventeringen.</p><p>Vid probleminventeringen visade det sig att det går att höja utnyttjandegraden genom att bl.a. göra en ställtidsreducering, skapa ordning och reda, samt att förebygga flaskhalsar.</p><p>5S är en metod som har använts för att ta fram förbättringsåtgärderna. Genom att följa denna metod, samt att göra några nya investeringar i företaget, ser det ut som att målet i detta arbete ska kunna uppnås.</p>

<p> </p><p>På ABB i Ludvika tillverkar man en mängd produkter för högspänningsanläggningar. En av dessa produkter är ventilavledare. Ventilavledaren är en säkerhetsapparat som ska skydda övrig utrustning mot förekommande överspänningar. Ventilavledarna som tillverkas i Ludvika är gjorda för system från 52kV upp till 800kV, vilket är den högsta spänningen som används i världen idag. Idag finns två varianter av ventilavledare en med porslinisolant och en med polymerisolant. På ABB ser man att kunderna mer och mer eftersträvar polymeravledare.</p><p>Polymeravledare har p.g.a. mekaniska begränsningar inte kunnat användas i system med högre spänning än ca. 245kV. För att kunna erbjuda polymeravledare för högre spänningar har en ny produkt tagits fram. Den nya produkten kallas <em>PEXLIM Stark. </em></p><p>Med den nya produkten innebär en mängd processer som måste arbetas fram. En sådan process är slutmontaget där man monterar de sista detaljerna.</p><p>Detta arbete har gjorts för att se vilka problem som kan uppstå vid slutmontaget och hur man löser dessa på bästa sätt.</p><p> </p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p>ABB has a big factory in Ludvika where many kinds of apparatus for high voltage systems are manufactured. Among the products are surge arresters, which are used to protect other equipments in power systems against all type of transient overvoltages. The arresters manufactured in Ludvika are for voltage systems from around 52kV up to 800kV which is the highest system voltage level in the world so far. The active elements in the arresters are blocks of ZnO material. The arresters are manufactured utilizing two types of enclosures, porcelains and polymer. Due to the good response from the customers more and more arresters are manufactured with polymer housings but so far the mechanical strength has prevented polymer designs for higher voltages than approximately 245kV. In a new project, therefore, a polymer housed arrester with higher mechanical strength will be developed. The working name for the new product is <em>PEXLIM Strong. </em>Among all the problems which have to be solved during the development of the new product is also how the final assembly of the product shall be performed. In this report, as part of a Bachelor of Science in Machine Engineering, the problems are analyzed and different solutions to obtain an efficient final assembly of the new product are suggested.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

<h2>Abstract</h2><p>At the plant of Outokumpu Stainless Tubular Products AB in Molkom a wide range of butt weld fittings are produced. These are aimed mainly for the process industries and one of the products are ninety degree bend elbows in various dimensions. The elbows are made from stainless sheet metal and when formed to a tube they need to be welded along its inner radius. This is made by a pick and place type industrial robot working in a closed compartment. The assignment given by Outokumpu aims to investigate and suggest a new concept for a more reliable manufacturing process within the work cell.</p><p> </p><p>The cell consists of five main areas chronologically listed as passed by the elbow:</p><p>·          Automated, vibrating conveyor.·          Fixture with the purpose to serve the robot with one elbow at a time, placed in the correct position.·          Industrial robot to pick up the elbow and drag it along the welding head.·          TIG inverter with a stationary welding head·          A hydraulic press with a template of the final shape of the elbow corrects flaws. Almost every problem in the cell and defects on the products coming out of it can be traced back to the fixture and in some cases also to the robots pick up tooling. The focus of the task was therefore put mainly on those two areas. As the work proceeded Outokumpu chose to develop a new tool for the robot themselves which they did with good results. I chose to incorporate it into my study and change focus to the fixture instead.</p><p> </p><p>The problems and possible causes to them were identified and discussed with my tutor:</p><ul><li>The elbows fall incorrectly into or beside of the fixture.  <ul><li>Fixtures are old and worn down.</li><li>The elbows path between conveyor and fixture are somewhat out of control</li><li>The smaller dimensions have room enough to slip past the fixture. <ul><li>Edges to be welded are to far from each other or badly shaped</li></ul></li></ul></li><li>Commissioning time, some start up steps is more complex then they need to be. <ul><li>Some of the setting possibilities in the working cell are unnecessary and can be fixed instead.</li><li>The positions of pick up and welding head are not really fixed in the robot software, these are reprogrammed every time elbow size are changed.</li></ul></li></ul><p>·          Various errors at weldingo    Robot managed to pick incorrectly placed elbow</p><p> </p><p>Proposals to solve the above specified problems:</p><ul><li>All parts in contact with the elbows are to be made of harden able steel. A suitable one is C45E which can be casehardened to about 700HV.</li><li>On the outer edge of the conveyer a support are placed to prevent excessive wear.</li><li>The fixture is partially redesigned with a support to control the elbows path better.</li><li>Guide arms with dual purpose are added. First they guide the elbow into the fixture and secondly they turn it to the correct angle towards the robot.</li><li>Pins are used along with quick lock clamps to obtain faster and easier commissioning.</li><li>The pick and place tool developed by Outokumpu are used.</li></ul>

The use of Phase Change Material, PCM, to change the thermal inertia of lightweight buildings is investigated in the CRAFT project C-TIDE. It is a joint project with Italian and Swedish partners, representing both industry and research. PCMs are materials where the phase change enthalpy can be used for thermal storage. The Swedish application is a night ventilation system where cold night air is used to solidify the PCM. The PCM is melted in the day with warm indoor air and thereby the indoor air is cooled. The system is intended for light weight buildings with an overproduction of heat during daytime. In the thesis, the results of experiments and numerical simulations of the application are presented. The theoretical background in order design the heat exchanger and applying the installation in thermal simulation software is presented. An extensive program is set up, in order to develop test methods and carry tests to evaluate the performance over time of the PCM. Testing procedures are set up according to ISO standards concerning service life testing. The tests are focused on the change over time of the Thermal Storage Capacity (TSC) in different temperature spans. Measurements are carried out on large samples with a water bath calorimeter. The service life estimation of a material is based on the performance of one or more critical properties over time. When the performances of these properties are below the performance requirements, the material has reached its service life. The critical properties of the PCM are evaluated by simulation of the application. The performance requirements of the material are set up according to general requirements of PCM and requirements according to building legislation. The critical properties of a PCM are the transition temperature, the melting temperature range and the TSC in the operative temperature interval. The critical property of the application is its energy efficiency. The results of the study show that the night cooling system will lower the indoor air temperature during daytime. It also shows that the tested PCM does not have a clear phase change, but an increased specific heat in the operative temperature interval. Increasing the amount of material, used in the application, can compensate this. Finally, the tested PCM is thermally stable and the service life of the product is within the range of the design lives of the building services. It is essential to for all designers to know the performance over time of the properties of PCMs. Therefore it is desirable that standardized testing methods of PCM are established and standardized classification systems of PCMs are developed. / QC 20101020