As stated by Stephen Harris, a mere 30 years ago, the idea of commercial cyber-attack was rather a topic for the science fiction novelists than reality.' However, nowadays we witness a growing tendency of reoccurrence of this phenomenon across many sectors that rely on progressively advancing technology. Despite always being known as a conservative field, the maritime industry is no exception in terms of the exposure to risks that result from cyber-attacks.

The second half of the twentieth century has brought drastic changes in technology. These advances have changed the way marine resources are harvested or acquired The development of SCUBA made diving to depths of 50m unrestrained by the need for surface support, feasible. 1 This opened up the possibility of exploring below the surface of the sea. It also brought with it the possibility of salvaging wrecks and remains which had been hidden since antiquity.2 The year 1954 saw the first stem trawler the Fairtry converted from a decommissioned whaler. She was to set the standard for trawling efficiency and her design was soon replicated, replacing other types. 3 Nylon fibres made lines and nets lighter and more durable.

.

Includes bibliographical references / The mystique surrounding shipwrecks has intrigued man since the inception of sea travel itself. The wreck lies as a submerged time capsule, holding secrets of the past, patiently waiting to tell her stories, with rich rewards for archaeologists and salvors alike. Modern advances in underwater technology have supported a drastic increase in the discovery and retrieval of shipwrecks and their cargoes. Accompanying such advances are tensions which have emerged between interested parties in historic wrecks, the most notorious being between two broad interest groups; those who are attracted by the commercial value of such wrecks and those concerned to protect their historical and cultural value. This dissertation considers the viability of salvage law in the context of historic shipwrecks in South African waters.

No description available.

Some 18 years after the enactment of the Marine Living resources Act (18 of 1998), which gives express recognition to the subsistence or small-scale fisheries sector, a regime addressing the needs of this sector has finally been promulgated. That regime consists of the Policy for the Small Scale Fisheries Sector (20 June 2012) in South Africa and the Regulations relating to Small Scale Fishing (8 March 2016). Through a paradigm shift in small-scale fisheries governance, the regime seeks to put an end to the marginalisation and exclusion of these fishers from the fishing rights allocation process that has persisted in the absence of a formal regulatory regime. The Policy for the Small Scale Fisheries Sector purports to adopt and promote a human rights based approach and focuses on food security and livelihood. It seeks to employ co-management of the common pool resources and promote customary practices. It allocates a basket of multi-species rights to community legal entities allowing for a community based resource management with a strong developmental agenda. This paper seeks to reflect on the effectiveness of this regime by critically examining the regime governing the small scale fishing sector against the body of knowledge that has developed internationally regarding successful and effective management of the Small Scale fishing Sector.

The regime of islands, as captured in Article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) grants a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone and continental shelf to all islands apart from "rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own." The provision was undoubtedly drafted in an intentionally ambiguous manner in order to strike a compromise between the contrasting views of States surrounding the regime of islands. Consequently, Article 121 is riddled with textual ambiguities. For example, the text does not further define the word "rock"; nor does the provision explain what it means to "sustain human habitation or economic life". As a result of these ambiguities, many States are of the opinion that Article 121 allocates a 200 nautical mile zone to every piece of land that protrudes above water. This provision is problematic as it potentially allocates vast amounts of ocean space to nations claiming sovereignty over tiny uninhabited islands speckled throughout the oceans, severely limiting the space that remains for the "common heritage of mankind". In addition, the ambiguous wording of Article 121 has resulted in various territorial disputes between nations in relation to both the interpretation and application of the Article. This dissertation seeks primarily to investigate whether the international community is moving towards certainty on the interpretation of Article 121 of the LOSC, with particular reference to the distinction between islands and rocks. In doing so, this dissertation will explore the body of jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals insofar as it relates to Article 121 of the LOSC. This is a fruitful exercise as any clarification in this regard will undoubtedly unify State practice surrounding the application of Article 121. This may have the effect of reducing conflict between States and ensuring that ocean spaces around insular formations are apportioned in an equitable and standardised manner.