Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-62). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Biological fouling occurs everywhere in the marine environment and is a significant problem for marine vessels. Anti-fouling coatings have been used effectively to prevent fouling; however, these coatings harm non-targeted sea-life. Fouling-release coatings (FRC) appear to be an alternative way to combat fouling. FRC do not necessarily prevent the settlement of marine organisms but rather allow their easy removal with application of shear to the coatings surface. These coatings must be non-toxic, non-leaching, have low surface energy, low modulus, and durability to provide easy removal of marine organisms. Here the goal is to develop FRC based on thermosetting siloxane-polyurethane, amphiphilic polyurethane, and zwitterionic/amphiphilic polyurethane systems. A combinatorial high-throughput approach has been taken in order to explore the variables that may affect the performance of the final coatings. Libraries of acrylic polyols were synthesized using combinatorial high-throughput techniques by either batch or semi-batch processes. The design of the experiments for the batch and semi-batch processes were done combinatorially to explore a range of compositions and various reaction process variables that cannot be accomplished or are not suitable for single reaction experiments. Characterization of Rapid-GPC, high-throughput DSC, and gravimetrically calculated percent solids verified the effects of different reaction conditions on the MW, glass transition temperatures, and percent conversion of the different compositions of acrylic polyols. Coatings were characterized for their surface energy, pseudobarnacle pull-off adhesion, and were subjected to bioassays including marine bacteria, algae, and barnacles. From the performance properties results the acrylic polyol containing 20% hydroxyethyl acrylate and 80% butyl acrylate was selected for further siloxane-polyurethane formulations and were subjected to the same physical, mechanical, and performance testing. Amiphiphilic copolymers based on PDMS molecular weight and the addition of PEG based polymer blocks on the properties of acrylic-polyurethane coatings were explored. The key properties screened were surface energy, determined by contact angle measurements using water and methylene iodide, dynamic water contact angle, and pseudobarnacle adhesion properties. The data from all of the biological assays indicates that the novel coatings were able to resist fouling and have low fouling adhesion for the broad variety of fouling organisms tested.

No description available.

by Wong Tak-ching. / Bibliography: p. 136-139 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985

by Kwok Yuk Chun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-124). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Kwok Yuk Chun. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Plates --- p.xiv / List of Appendices --- p.xv / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Sediment --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Pore water --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Phase 1: Toxicity characterization --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Phase 2: Toxicity identification --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Phase 3: Toxicity confirmation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Bioassay --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6 --- Microtox® test --- p.16 / Chapter 2. --- OBJECTIVES --- p.18 / Chapter 3. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Source of sediment samples --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- Preparation of pore water --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Phase 1 Toxicity characterization: Baseline toxicity test --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Microtox® test --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Phase 1 Toxicity characterization --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- pH adjustment test --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) test --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Cation exchange test --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Anion exchange test --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- Phase 2 Toxicity identification --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Determination of metal ions by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES) --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Determination of anions by ion chromatography (IC) --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Determination of organic compounds by a total organic carbon (TOC) --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Determination of organic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Determination of organic compounds by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Determination of sulphide by colorimetric method --- p.41 / Chapter 3.5 --- Phase 3 Toxicity confirmation --- p.41 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Mass balance test --- p.44 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Spiking test --- p.44 / Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- General characteristics of the sediment collected in Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- General characteristics of the pore water after the centrifugation of sediment --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3 --- Phase 1-Toxicity characterization: Baseline toxicity test --- p.45 / Chapter 4.4 --- Phase 1-Toxicity characterization --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample S1 --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample S2 --- p.50 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample S3 --- p.50 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample S4 --- p.52 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample S5 --- p.55 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Effect of manipulations on Sample S6 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Summary of the Phase 1 manipulations on the Microtox® test --- p.59 / Chapter 4.5 --- Phase 2-Toxicity identification --- p.59 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Summary of the Phase 2 toxicity identification --- p.70 / Chapter 4.6 --- Phase 3-Toxicity confirmation --- p.70 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Result of Phase 3 for Sample S3 --- p.70 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Result of Phase 3 for Sample S4 --- p.73 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Result of Phase 3 for Sample S5 --- p.76 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Result of Phase 3 for Sample S6 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Summary of the Phase 3 toxicity confirmation --- p.79 / Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSION --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1 --- Phase 1 Toxicity characterization: Baseline toxicity test --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Baseline toxicity of whole pore water samples on the Microtox® test --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2 --- Phase 1-Toxicity characterization: Manipulations --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of manipulations on the Microtox® test --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- pH adjustment test --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- pH adjustment filtration test --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- pH adjustment aeration test --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Cation exchange test --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Anion exchange test --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- pH adjustment C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) test --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3 --- Phase 2-Toxicity identification --- p.87 / Chapter 5.4 --- Phase 3-Toxicity confirmation --- p.88 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Mass balance on the Microtox® test --- p.89 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Spiking test on the Microtox® test --- p.90 / Chapter 5.5 --- Explanation of S as the major toxicant in Phase 1，Phase 2 and Phase3 --- p.90 / Chapter 5.6 --- Characteristics of Sulphide (S2-) --- p.91 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Sources of S2- --- p.91 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Harmful effect of S “ and its toxicity --- p.93 / Chapter 5.6.3 --- Sulphide determination by colorimetric method --- p.94 / Chapter 5.6.4 --- Sulphide determination by other methods --- p.95 / Chapter 5.6.5 --- Sulphide preservation --- p.95 / Chapter 5.7 --- Synergistic effect of S2- and C18 SPE test elutriate --- p.96 / Chapter 5.8 --- Treatment of contaminated marine sediment in Hong Kong --- p.97 / Chapter 5.9 --- Treatment of contaminated marine sediment in Kwun Tong Typhoon Shelter --- p.98 / Chapter 5.10 --- Treatment of sediment contaminated with sulphide in Hong Kong --- p.99 / Chapter 5.11 --- Other treatment method of sediment contaminated with sulphide --- p.100 / Chapter 5.12 --- Current limitations and abilities in identification of toxicants in pore water --- p.101 / Chapter 5.13 --- Improvement and Recommendations --- p.102 / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.104 / Chapter 7. --- REFERENCES --- p.105 / Chapter 8. --- APPENDICES --- p.125

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 45-48).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 66-72).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 42-47).

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / This mini-dissertation deals with the legal analysis of the prohibition of marine pollution. It is found that the harmful effects of marine pollution on the marine ecosystem, human health and the economy is a problem that needs to be solved immediately. International Conventions and different legislation have been drafted in order to regulate, reduce, mitigate or stop marine pollution. Despite the existence of these conventions and legislation, this problem continues unabated. Large numbers of marine species are known to be harmed and killed as a result of marine pollution. Marine pollution did not receive much attention until many species in the sea and the marine ecosystem faced adverse consequences resulting from marine pollution. Although it has become a global concern, most nations are still producing huge pollution loads. This mini-dissertation analyses the legal framework and the sources of marine pollution, the effects of marine pollution on the marine ecosystem and human health. Furthermore, it makes a comparative analysis between South Africa as developing country and Australia as a developed country in order to determine what South Africa could learn from Australia. The study makes recommendations on how marine pollution can be solved, mitigated or combatted. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Marine pollution resulting from oil spillage has received much attention mostly due to the damaging effects it has on fisheries and aquacultures. One component of oil that is widely studied due to its toxic and carcinogenic properties is the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The physical and chemical properties of these compounds control their distribution into the various phases of the environment. The rates of elimination of these compounds from impacted organisms were investigated in laboratory and field experiments using selected marine organisms (Mytilus edulis and Salmo salar). The elimination of individual PAH compounds followed first order kinetics. Elimination rate varied among compounds and generally decreased with increase in molecular weight and degree of alkylation. Elimination rate constants (k2) and biological half-lives (t1/2) evaluated from chronically exposed mussels (collected from Aberdeen harbour) in separate laboratory and field studies were comparable but differed from those evaluated from acutely exposed mussels. Shorter t1/2 were obtained from acutely exposed mussels. The t1/2 ranged between 0.5- 22 d (acute exposure) and 3.8- 31.5 d (chronic exposure).The longer apparent t1/2 calculated for the chronically impacted mussels was attributed to the retention of the compounds in a stable compartment due to long period of exposure that limited exchange with the surrounding water. Contrary to expectation, t1/2 for similar compounds was higher in salmon than in mussels. The reason for this was unknown but attributed to the route of elimination. A good correlation (r2 > 0.72) was found between PAHs tissue concentration and taint intensity in salmon. Comparison of the results from this study with literature data showed that tank water replacement time and exposure duration affects rate of PAHs elimination. The data generated in this study and some of the reviewed studies will find application in different oil spill scenarios. The usefulness and limitations of the n-alkanes profile, PAH distribution and concentration ratios, and specific biomarker ratios from organisms in oil spill source identification was also demonstrated.