The autecology of the estuarine alga, Blidingia minima var. subsalsa (Kjellman) Scagel (Chlorophyceae) was considered with regard to its growth, reproduction and distribution. Studies were conducted on the Squamish River estuary, British Columbia, from May 1974 to July 1975 and in the laboratory from January to August 1975. The major environmental factors considered were light, temperature, salinity, nutrients and desiccation. The alga occurred on the Squamish River delta in the upper intertidal zone. Biomass, as estimated by percent cover, increased in the period March to early May, then remained stable or decreased during spring runoff in May and June, finally increasing to a maximum in August. Increases in percent cover were associated with brackish salinity, high light intensity, high air temperature, considerable desiccation, an absence of algal competitors and possibly favourable ion ratios. The three factors investigated in the laboratory (temperature, salinity and nutrients) interacted in their effect on net photosynthesis. Reproduction in the laboratory occurred by release of quadri-flagellate and isomorphic biflagellate swarmers. Some biflagellate swarmers fused and germinated, producing isomorphic plants. The period of swarmer release was from January to early May. The alga was perennial but during the winter only its prostrate basal disc was present. Maximum vertical distribution was from 1.5 to 4.0 m above chart datum (lowest low water). Maximum percent cover occurred at ca. 3.25 m. The upper limit appeared to be associated with unfavourable osmotic conditions, e.g. rain or desiccation, and the lower limit with low light intensities. Horizontal distribution was limited by absence of salt water on the freshwater side and competition from Fucus distichus subsp. edentatus (De la Pylaie) Powell on the marine side of the estuary. Blidingia minima var. subsalsa1s geographical and habitat distribution was also examined by reference to literature reports and herbarium collections. The species is cosmopolitan, occurring in every ocean except the Indian and Antarctic with most reports from polar and temperate regions. The variety occurs in brackish, marine and freshwater habitats. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

viii SUMMARY The effect of essential oils and calcified marine algae as natural alternatives to ionophore antibiotics on performance of feedlot cattle by Emile Francois Haasbroek Supervisor: Prof. L.J. Erasmus Department: Animal and Wildlife Sciences Faculty: Natural and Agricultural Sciences Degree: MSc (Agric) Animal Science: Animal Nutrition Ionophore antibiotic supplementation is standard practice in almost all feedlots in the USA, South Africa and many other countries due to its effectiveness to increase feed efficiency and modulate feed intake. Public concern over the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and the consumers’ demand for safe, high quality nutritious food has stimulated the search for natural alternatives to ionophores in ruminant diets. The objectives of this study were: (i) to compare the effect of a specific blend of essential oils (XTract X60 – 7065 (XTract)) and a rumen buffer (Acid Buf) to monensin and its effects on the performance of feedlot cattle under both experimental and commercial conditions (ii) to determine the effect of these feed additives on the health status of feedlot cattle and (iii) to determine whether Acid Buf can replace monensin as feed additive in high energy feedlot diets based on hominy chop. For the experimental growth trial 180 Bonsmara type animals were blocked into two groups and then allocated to 6 pens with 10 animals each per treatment using a randomised complete block design. The basal diets (starter, intermediate finisher and final finisher) were the same for the Control XTract and Acid Buf; the only difference being the Control treatment was supplemented with monensin (21 – 33 mg /kg DM), the XTract treatment supplemented with XTract (1000 – 1200 mg /h /d) and the Acid Buf treatment supplemented with Acid Buf at 0,6% dietary DM. For the commercial trial, animals were blocked according to the same criteria but for each treatment there were 3 pens, standing 130 head of cattle per pen, therefore 390 animals per treatment. The experimental pen trial was designed for evaluation of growth and the commercial pen trial for evaluation of health status and growth under practical feedlot conditions. In the small pen trial there were no differences (P > 0.05) in DMI, FCR or ADG between treatments. In the commercial trial the XTract supplemented cattle had a higher EW (429.3 vs. 417.5 kg) and ADG (1.77 kg /d vs. 1.70 kg /d) (P < 0.05) compared to monensin supplemented cattle and the Acid Buf supplemented cattle tended (P > 0.10) towards a higher EW (425.3 vs. 417.5 kg) and ADG (1.74 vs. 1.70 kg /d) compared to monensin supplemented cattle. The feed conversion ratios were 5.67 and 5.26 for XTract and monensin supplemented cattle and did not differ (P = 0.26). The feed conversion ratios were 5.22 and 5.26 respectively for Acid Buf and monensin supplemented cattle and did not differ (P = 0.86). Treatments affected health parameters in the commercial pens with 78% healthy animals (not pulled) in the monensin supplemented animals compared to 82% for XTract and 66% for the Acid Buf supplemented animals (P < 0.01). Rumen damage occurred in 73% of monensin supplemented animals compared to 51% for the Acid Buf supplemented animals and only 24% of the XTract supplemented animals (P < 0.01). Differences in health parameters did not seem to affect the overall growth performance of the cattle, suggesting a relatively minor effect on performance. Results from this large scale study should provide South African feedlot operators with sufficient information to make informed decisions on natural alternatives when the day comes that ionophores are placed on the banned list of ruminant feed additives. Further research, however, is needed on determining the optimal dose, dietary dependant responses, adaptation of rumen microbial populations and potential additive or synergistic effects when supplemented together with other rumen modifiers. Furthermore, the cost: benefit ratio should be determined under the prevailing conditions in different countries. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Gathering taxonomic data is fundamental to any biological or ecological research. It was the intent of this paper to increase the storehouse of taxonomic information by studying the marine algae of one section of the Oregon coastline. Netarts Bay was chosen because of its accessibility and generally primitive nature. It is in an area of Oregon largely untouched by phycologists and so offered an opportunity for original research. Techniques of collecting and preserving specimens were kept as simple as possible, thus allowing a proportionately greater amount of the available time to be spent in the classification of the organisms. The body of this paper is, therefore, an annotated list of the algae collected and identified. A total of 78 species were identified, the majority belonging to the division Rhodophta (45 of the 78). An effort was made in collecting to be as thorough as possible. Algae ranging in habitat all the way from the spray zone to the depths of Netarts Bay were included. However, while the collection is comprehensive, because of the great size of the Bay it is undoubtedly incomplete. Only further research can identify which algae have been overlooked or omitted. Photographs are in evidence throughout much of the text. It is hoped that they will illustrate some of the forms which might be found only in this region and also, as accurately as possible, to aid in the identification of species elsewhere.

Three species of Sargassum are the P10st abundant intertidal macroalgae at Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico. Sargassum johnstonii Setchell & Gardner, S. herporhizum Setchell & Gardner, and S. sinicola Setchell & Gardner var. camouii (Dawson) Norris & Yensen are zoned on emergent reef in low intertidal areas. Sargassum johnstonii occurs in a zone above dense stands of S. herporhizum, and scattered patches of S. 8inicola occur on the lowest emergent reef. Sargassum sinicola, the most abundant species, predominates in pools throughout the intertidal zone. In mid-intertidal pools the species show the same zonation with respect to water depth that they do on emergent reef. Ecological separation is clear, the species occurring in different vertical zones or different habitats (pools or emergent reef). At some sites where S. herporhizum is rare or absent, the upper limit of emergent S. sinicola plants shifts upward probably because of a combination of physical and biological factors. The three species in this highly seasonal region reach maximum size and canopy cover in early spring. All produce fertile receptacles in the spring and shed their branches and die back in summer. Surviving S. sinicola persist through the summer at larger sizes, recommence growth and produce a second crop of receptacles in the fall; the other two species grow but are not fertile until the following spring. The species differ in allocation of biomass to vegetative and sexual reproductive structures. Sargassum herporhizum invests a high proportion of its wet and dry biomass into extensively branched, rhizoidal holdfasts. The holdfasts of the other two species are smaller relative to their upper branches, and are not rhizoidal. Experimental clearings showed that S. herporhizum was the most effective at recovering continuous space after disturbance and also after normal summer dieback. Sargassum johnstonii and S. sinicola produce large volumes of sexual receptacles on buoyant branches, which have the potential for wide dispersal, whereas S. herporhizum produces a relatively small volume. A trade-off between short-range vegetative encroachment abilities and potential for long-range dispersal of sexual propagules may have occurred in the evolution of reproductive strategies of these Sargassum species.

Wang Hui. / "December 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 256-280) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Thesis (M.A.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves xi-xiv, following leaf 48). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Secondary metabolites from natural sources are fast growing as popular drug leads. The structural novelty and favourable biological activity that these compounds display contribute to their popularity as drugs of the future. Examples of such compounds include the potent anticancer drug paclitaxel isolated from the bark of a yew tree as well as the more commonly known analgesic aspirin which stems from the bark of the willow tree. The biological activities exhibited by these secondary metabolites are vast and range from antimicrobial to anticancer activity to mention but a few. As a result, the isolation of novel compounds from natural sources is on the rise. The South African seaboard is home to a wealth of various marine algal species which produce fascinating secondary metabolites. For example, Portierria hornemanii was shown to produce halomon, a halogenated monoterpene which has displayed promising cytotoxic activity. This study thus focused primarily on pursuing novel compounds from three endemic South African marine algal species which have never been analysed previously from a chemical perspective. These are Plocamium rigidum (Bory de Saint-Vincent), Laurencia natalensis (Kylin) and Delisea flaccida (Suhr) Papenfuss. Four known compounds and one new halogenated monoterpene, (2E,5E,7Z)-8-chloro- 7-(dichloromethyl)-4-hydroxy-3-methylocta-2,5,7-trienal, were isolated from Plocamium rigidum. The breast cancer (MCF-7 cell line) inhibitory activity for these compounds was assessed and it was observed that an increase in the lipophilic nature of the compounds produced more favourable IC50 values. A pre-cursor to bromofucin type compounds, cis-laurencenyne, was isolated from Laurencia natalensis, as well as a new acetoxy chamigrane type compound, 4-bromo- 3,10-dichloro-7-hydroxy-3,7,11,11-tetramethylspiro [6.6] undec-1-yl acetate. Delisea flaccida was seen to contain two known bromofuranone type compounds isolated as an isomeric mixture, 1-[(5Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylidene)-2-oxo-2,5- dihydrofuran-3-yl] butyl acetate and 1-[(5E)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylidene)-2- oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl]butyl acetate. These compounds are famous for their ability to inhibit bacterial biofilm production and they have been isolated before from an Australian Delisea spp / Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in

Nitrogen (N) has traditionally been regarded as the primary limiting nutrient to algal growth in marine coastal waters, but recent studies suggest that phosphorus (P) can be limiting in carbonate-rich environments. To better understand the importance of P. alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was measured in reef macroalgae in seven counties of south Florida ; several significant trends emerged : 1) APA decreased geographically from the highest values in Dada>Monroe>Palm Beach>St. Lucie>Broward>Martin>Lee counties 2) APA varied temporally with increasing nutrient-rich runoff in the wet season 3) APA varied due to taxonomic division Phaeophyta>Rhodophyta>Chlorophyta 4) Nutrient enrichment experiments demonstrated that increased N-enrichment enhanced P-limitation while increased P decreased P-limitation. These results suggest that high APA observed in carbonate-rich waters of Dade County and low APA in Broward County resulted from high nutrient inputs associated with anthropogenic nutrient pollution. / by Courtney Kehler. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

A presente pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando-se 288 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Hisex White com 32 semanas de idade, pelo período de 10 semanas, com o objetivo de estudar o enriquecimento da gema do ovo em ácidos graxos a partir de rações suplementadas com óleo de peixe (OP) ou alga marinha (AM) em cinco níveis de DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 mg/100 g dieta). Foi aplicado modelo fatorial 2 x 5, inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de oito aves por tratamento, de modo a constituir os grupos: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 e AM360. Um grupo controle submetido à ração basal de milho e soja (CON) e outro, acrescido de AM, contendo 420 mg de DHA/100 g dieta (AM420) foram também utilizados. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: postura, peso do ovo, consumo alimentar, conversão alimentar, qualidade externa e interna dos ovos e qualidade organoléptica dos mesmos. O peso médio do ovo assinalado para o grupo CON (63,30 g) decresceu linearmente de forma significativa (Y = - 0,0051X + 63,8560, R2 = 0,97) em resposta à suplementação de níveis crescentes de DHA da fonte OP, atingindo valor mínimo de 62,13 g no grupo OP360. O índice de postura das aves de 88,10% (CON) não foi influenciado pelas fontes de DHA na ração. A qualidade interna do ovo, avaliada em unidades Haugh, apresentou melhora significativa (P&lt;0,05) com a adição de teores crescentes de AM igual ou superior a 1% na dieta das aves. Quanto aos teores de DHA na gema do ovo de aves suplementadas com OP, foi observado aumento significativo de 22,64 mg/ gema (CON), para 187,91 mg/ gema no grupo OP360. Os PUFAs n-3 apresentaram acréscimo significativo no contraste entre CON (62,16 mg/gema) e OP360 (218,62 mg/gema). Para a fonte AM, as médias de DHA também mostraram linearidade (Y = 0,23X + 1,27, R2 = 0,86), oscilando entre 22,64 mg/gema (CON) e 149,75 mg/gema (AM420), enquanto que o total de PUFAs n-3 oscilou de 104,18 mg/gema (AM120) a 175,32 mg/gema (AM420). O inverso ocorreu com os ácidos araquidônico, linoléico e PUFAs n-6 que mostraram decréscimos significativos (P&lt;0,05) com o aumento de OP na dieta, variando, respectivamente, de 98,71 mg, 987,70 mg e 1108,92 mg/ gema na dieta CON a 38,87 mg, 734,22 mg e 802,79 mg/ gema, para o grupo OP360. O percentual de incorporação de DHA na gema dos ovos decresceu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de DHA na ração suplementada com OP e AM, de 85,11% (OP120) e 65,28% (AM120) para 49,45% (OP360) e 34,06% (AM420). Melhora significativa (P&lt;0,05) foi consignada na relação n-6/n-3, variando de 17,50 no grupo CON para 3,72 e 6,36 para tratamentos OP360 e AM420, respectivamente. A avaliação sensorial não detectou qualquer sabor ou odor estranho nos ovos dos diferentes tratamentos ou fontes utilizados, exceto para a análise qualitativa do grupo OP360 onde foi detectado grau de intensidade regular de sabor de peixe, diferindo significativamente (P&lt;0,05) do grupo CON. / This experiment was conducted using two hundreds eighty eight 32-wk-old Hisex White laying hens for a period of ten weeks, with the objective of studying the fatty acid enrichment of the egg yolk of hens fed diets supplemented with fish oil (OP) or marine algae (AM) to provide five levels of DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 mg/100 g diet) for each source. A 2 X 5 completely randomized factorial design with three replicates of eight birds per treatment was applied in order to have the following groups: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 and AM360. A control group submitted to a corn/soy basal diet (CON) and another one supplemented with AM at the level of 420 mg of DHA/100 g diet (AM420) were also used. Egg production, egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion, external and internal egg quality and the organoleptic quality of the eggs were evaluated. The egg weight mean obtained for group CON (63.30 g), decreased linearly (Y = - 0.0051X + 63.8560, R2 = 0.97) as the supplemented DHA levels from the OP source increased, reaching the lowest egg weight mean of 62.13 g for the group OP360. The egg production of the control group hens (88.10%) was not influenced by the source of DHA. The internal quality of the egg evaluated by Haugh units presented significant improvement (P&lt;0.05) with the increase of the AM source to 1% or more. The amounts of DHA into the egg yolk in birds fed OP diets, were significantly increased from 22.64 mg/egg yolk (CON), to 187.91 mg/egg yolk (OP360). The egg yolk PUFAs n-3 of the control group (62.16g) increased significantly as compared to the OP360 group (218.62 mg/yolk). The AM source showed DHA means also linear (Y = 0.23X + 1.27, R2 = 0.86), ranging from 22.64 mg/yolk (CON) to 149.75 mg/yolk (AM420), while the PUFAs n-3 ranged from 104.18 mg/yolk (AM120) to 175.32 mg/yolk (AM420). The araquidonic acid, linoleic acid and PUFAs n-6 showed significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) with the increase of OP into the diet, ranging from 98.71 mg, 987.70 mg and 1108.92 mg/egg yolk for the CON group to 38.87 mg, 734.22 mg and 802.79 mg/egg yolk, for the OP360 group. The percentage of DHA incorporation into the egg yolk decreased linearly as the DHA levels increased into the diet. Thus, for the OP and AM sources, mean values of 85.11% (OP120) and 65.28% (AM120) decreased to 49.45% (OP360) and 34.06% (AM420). Significant improvement (P&lt;0.05) was found in the ratio n-6/n-3, ranging from17.50 (CON) to 3.72 (OP320) and 6.36 (AM420). The sensorial evaluation of eggs did not detect any different flavor or odor in eggs among treatments or sources, except for the qualitative analysis of group OP360 which showed fish flavor, significantly different (P&lt;0.05) from the control group.

Lim Sze Nee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-176). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviation --- p.xvii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Classification of algae --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Chemical and mineral composition of marine macroalgae --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Uses of marine macroalgae --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Food --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Industrial uses --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Agricultural uses --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Fertilizer --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Fodder --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Medicinal properties --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Pharmacological effects of marine macroalgae --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Antioxidant activity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Hypotensive activity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Antiviral activity --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Antimicrobial activity --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Antitumor activity --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Hypocholesterolemic activity --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.14 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidative Activities of Marine Macroalgae --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Free radicals: definition and sources --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Free radical-induced damage --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Biological lipid peroxidation --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Lipid oxidation of foods --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Antioxidants --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Antioxidants --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Antioxidant mechanisms --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Synthetic antioxidants --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Natural antioxidants --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Objectives --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods and Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Preparation of algae extracts --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Determination of free radical scavenging activities --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Superoxide anions scavenging activity --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Antioxidative activity using hemolysis assay --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Preparation of red blood cell (RBC) --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Hemolysis assay --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Lipid peroxidation assay --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Preparation of rat brain homogenates --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Measurement of lipid peroxidation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Statistics --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Superoxide radical scavenging activity of algal extracts --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Effects of algae extracts on hemolysis assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Effects of algae extracts on lipid peroxidation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- Isolation of Antioxidative Phenolic Compounds from Sargassum siliquastrum --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Phenolic compounds --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Major classes of phenolic compounds --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Functional aspects of phenolic compounds --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Functions of phenolic compounds in plants --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Biological and pharmacological activities --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Food industry --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Polyphenolic compounds in brown algae --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Objectives --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods and Materials --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Extraction and isolation of antioxidant components from S siliquastrum --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Thin-Layer chromatography --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Antioxidant activity --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Determination of total phenolics --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Infrared spectra --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Ultra-violet and visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Statistics --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Identification of phenolic compounds from various solvent extracts of S. siliquastrum --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Isolation of dichloromethane fraction by liquid chromatography --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Phenolic content of isolated compounds --- p.86 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- IR and UV-vis spectra --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.92 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Antioxidative activities --- p.92 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Relationship between phenolic contents and antioxidant activity --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Identification of antioxidant compounds --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- Hypotensive Activities of Marine Algae in the Rat --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Basic principles of cardiovascular system --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Regulation of arterial pressure --- p.105 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Short-term regulation of arterial pressure --- p.105 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Long-term regulation of arterial pressure --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Hypertension --- p.108 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- Causes of hypertension --- p.109 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- Where do antihypertensive or hypotensive agents act? --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.1 --- Sympathetic nervous system inhibitors --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.2 --- Diuretics --- p.120 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.3 --- Vasodilators --- p.121 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.4 --- Calcium antagonist (Calcium channel blockers) --- p.121 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.5 --- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors --- p.122 / Chapter 4.1.3.2.6 --- Antihypertensive drug combination --- p.122 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- The relationship between hypertension and free radicals --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Development of new antihypertensive agenrs --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Animal care --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preparation of the blood pressure measurement in rats --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Effects of seaweed extracts on arterial blood pressure of rat --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.2.1.1 --- Single-dose response curve --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.2.1.2 --- Cumulative-dose response curve --- p.126 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Pharmacological blocker studies --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Statistics --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Hypotensive effects of marine algal extracts --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effects of pharmacological blockers on MAP --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Hypotensive effects of the marine algal extracts --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Pharmacological action of marine algal extracts --- p.152 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- Conclusion --- p.160 / REFERENCES --- p.165 / RELATED PUBLICATIONS --- p.177