Several biologically important arsenic compounds including methylarsonate, trimethylarsine oxide, tetramethylarsonium ion, arsenobetaine and arsenocholine were prepared, in good yields, from sodium arsenite, or dimethylarsinic acid. These organoarsenic compounds together with arsenite, arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid were used as standards for the development of analytical methods for determining the levels of individual arsenic compounds (arsenic speciation) present in natural matrices. / Arsenobetaine, arsenocholine and tetramethylarsonium ion were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on-line detection by thermochemical hydride generation (THG)-AAS. The analytes were eluted from the cyanopropyl bonded phase HPLC column with a 1% acetic acid methanolic mobile phase which also contained diethyl ether triethylamine, and trimethylsulfonium iodide or picrylsulfonic acid. A surface response methodology and a univariate optimization procedure were used to determine the optimum concentration of solvent modifiers in the methanolic mobile phase. Limits of detection in the range 4-5 ng (as As) were obtained for the arsonium analytes under optimum chromatographic conditions. / A simple phenol extraction procedure was developed to isolate arsonium analytes from edible marine tissues (lobster tail muscle, peeled and deveined shrimp, and cod fillet), cod liver oil and human urine. The crude extracts were separated on the cyanopropyl column using a methanolic mobile phase and detected on-line by THG-AAS. Recoveries from tissues or from urine which had been spiked at 0.1-3.4 $ mu$g of As cation/g of fresh weight were 80% or greater for each of five sample types. / An improved HPLC-AAS interface which was compatible with either aqueous or organic mobile phases was also developed. The interface provided approximately equivalent responses to different arsenic oxidation states which resulted in low to subnanogram chromatographic limits of detection for arsenic oxyanions and arsonium cations in an aqueous or methanolic mobile phase. Nascent As anions and As cations were conveniently coextracted from aqueous solution or from fish muscle by phenol extraction and quantified in the same chromatographic run. This method has been applied to a standard reference sample of dogfish muscle (DORM-1), a marine reference sediment sample (PACS-1) and to sediment porewaters (SAG-15) from the Saguenay Fjord.

Growth of mussels under laboratory conditions was examined under various food regimes in different water types and temperatures. Growth was less than would be useful as an indicator and comparisons with field exposures were of minimal value. The effects of organophosphates on bivalves were examined via toxicity tests, tissue concentration, and by controlling exposure through the use of physical constraints. Upper temperature tolerance of both bivalve species was examined with respect to different acclimation temperatures and organophosphate exposures. Deviations from control exposures occurred at some temperatures. Copper effectively lowered the mean heat coma temperatures of C. fluminea at some concentrations, however, chlorine exposures did not alter heat coma temperature.

No description available.

Lai Ho-yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-122). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.I / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) --- p.II / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.IV / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.VI / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.V / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Sources of oil pollution --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Composition of oil --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Fate of oil in the environment --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Toxic effect of oil on marine ecosystem --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Chronic toxicity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Carcinogenicity of oil --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6 --- The origins of ecotoxicology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7 --- Need for ecotoxicity tests --- p.13 / Chapter 1.8 --- Testings in ecotoxicology --- p.15 / OBJECTIVES --- p.17 / MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.18 / Chapter 1. --- Collection of oily wastes samples --- p.18 / Chapter 2. --- Preparation of samples --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Water-soluble fraction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Supercritical fluid extraction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Silica gel chromatography --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Sample concentration --- p.22 / Chapter 3. --- Chemical analyses of oily wastes --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Determination of heavy metal concentration in oily waste samples --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Nitric acid-perchloric acid digestion --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometric analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in oily waste samples --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in water- soluble fraction --- p.28 / Chapter a. --- Liquid-liquid extraction --- p.28 / Chapter b. --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of water-soluble fraction --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in crude oily waste samples --- p.32 / Chapter a. --- Supercritical fluid extraction and silica gel column chromatography --- p.32 / Chapter b. --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.33 / Chapter 4 --- ecotoxicological studies of oily wastes --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1 --- Toxicity tests and sample preparation --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2 --- Ecotoxicological studies of water soluble fraction --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Growth inhibition test on a marine alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2" --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Survival test on a marine amphipod, Elasmopus rapax" --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "Survival test on a marine fish, Ambassis gymnocephalus" --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3. --- Ecotoxicological studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "Growth inhibition test on a marine alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2" --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "Survival test on a amphipod, Parhyale plumulosa" --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Survival test on the fish, Sparus sarba" --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.49 / Chapter 5. --- Statistical analyses of chemical and ecotoxicological analyses --- p.50 / RESULTS --- p.51 / Chapter 1. --- Chemical analyses of oily wastes --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1 --- Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometric analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metal concentration in crude oily wastes --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal concentration in water-soluble fraction --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Heavy metal concentration in ploy cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.54 / Chapter 1.2 --- Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in crude oily wastes --- p.54 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in water-soluble fraction --- p.59 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.61 / Chapter 2. --- Ecotoxicological studies of oily wastes --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1 --- Ecotoxicological studies of water-souble fraction --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Growth inhibition test on Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Survival test on Elasmopous rapax --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Survival test on Ambassis gymnocephalus --- p.67 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2 --- Ecotoxicological studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Growth inhibition test on Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Survival test on Parhyale plumulosa --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Survival test on Sparus sarba --- p.74 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.74 / Chapter 3. --- Statistical analyses of chemical and ecotoxicological studies --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1 --- Statistical analyses of studies on water-soluble fraction --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Correlation between heavy metal concentration in water-soluble fraction and toxicity tests --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Correlation between concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in water-soluble fraction and toxicity tests --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Correlation among acute toxicity tests --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2 --- Statistical analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Correlation between heavy metal level and toxicity tests --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Correlation between total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction and toxicity tests --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Correlation between four acute toxicity tests --- p.88 / DISCUSSION --- p.91 / Chapter 1 --- Chemical analyses of oily wastes --- p.91 / Chapter 1.1 --- Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometric analysis --- p.91 / Chapter 1.2 --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 2. --- ecotoxicological studies of oily wastes --- p.95 / Chapter 2.1 --- Growth inhibition test on Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.95 / Chapter 2.2 --- Survival tests on Elasmopus rapax and Parhyale plumulosa --- p.96 / Chapter 2.3 --- Survival test on Ambassis gymnocephalus and Sparus sarba --- p.97 / Chapter 2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.98 / Chapter 3 --- Statistical analyses of chemical and ecotoxicological analyses --- p.99 / Chapter 4. --- statistical analyses between acute toxicity tests --- p.101 / CONCLUSION --- p.102 / REFERENCES --- p.104