Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão a respeito de aspectos da produção do espaço implicados na modernização e urbanização da Martinica, a partir da segunda metade do século XX. Compondo o ultramar francês desde 1946, na condição de departamento, essa ilha do Caribe apresenta desde então um amplo processo de modernização e urbanização que toca profundamente a vida cotidiana. Embora muitas vezes apresentada e entendida pela ótica do benefício e do direito, essa situação provoca incômodos e gera críticas no sentido de uma imposição cultural e de uma continuidade da dominação colonial. No quadro de um desenvolvimento crítico e contraditório, o processo de modernização e urbanização da ilha acena com a ideia e progresso e melhoria das condições de vida, mas revela uma ilusão de acesso à cidade, direito à cidade e cidadania, que vão sendo reduzidos à noção de direito ao consumo, e mesmo nesse âmbito realizam-se precariamente. / This work proposes a reflection on aspects of the production of space involved in the modernization and urbanization of Martinique, from the second half of the twentieth century. Compounding the French overseas since 1946, on condition that department, this Caribbean island has since then an extensive process of modernization and urbanization that deeply touches everyday life. Although often presented and understood from the perspective of the benefit and the rights, this situation causes discomfort and generates critical towards a cultural imposition and a continuity of colonial domination. Under a critical development and contradictory process of modernization and urbanization of the island beckons with the idea and progress and improvement of living conditions, but revealed an illusion of access to the city, right to the city and citizenship, which will be reduced to concept of the right to consumer, and even in this context are held precariously.

Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão a respeito de aspectos da produção do espaço implicados na modernização e urbanização da Martinica, a partir da segunda metade do século XX. Compondo o ultramar francês desde 1946, na condição de departamento, essa ilha do Caribe apresenta desde então um amplo processo de modernização e urbanização que toca profundamente a vida cotidiana. Embora muitas vezes apresentada e entendida pela ótica do benefício e do direito, essa situação provoca incômodos e gera críticas no sentido de uma imposição cultural e de uma continuidade da dominação colonial. No quadro de um desenvolvimento crítico e contraditório, o processo de modernização e urbanização da ilha acena com a ideia e progresso e melhoria das condições de vida, mas revela uma ilusão de acesso à cidade, direito à cidade e cidadania, que vão sendo reduzidos à noção de direito ao consumo, e mesmo nesse âmbito realizam-se precariamente. / This work proposes a reflection on aspects of the production of space involved in the modernization and urbanization of Martinique, from the second half of the twentieth century. Compounding the French overseas since 1946, on condition that department, this Caribbean island has since then an extensive process of modernization and urbanization that deeply touches everyday life. Although often presented and understood from the perspective of the benefit and the rights, this situation causes discomfort and generates critical towards a cultural imposition and a continuity of colonial domination. Under a critical development and contradictory process of modernization and urbanization of the island beckons with the idea and progress and improvement of living conditions, but revealed an illusion of access to the city, right to the city and citizenship, which will be reduced to concept of the right to consumer, and even in this context are held precariously.

Les stocks des éléments dans les sols, et en particulier ceux du carbone, sont en constante évolution sous l’effet de facteurs naturels (climat, végétation, teneurs en argiles, etc.) et anthropiques (usages des sols, etc.). Notre objectif est donc, (i) de mieux comprendre les relations entre type de sol, système de culture et quantité de carbone stockée, (ii) d’étudier les conséquences des changements d’usage et de gestion des terres sur les formes de matière organique dans les sols et (iii) de préciser le rôle de la matière organique sur les propriétés physiques des sols.Des situations agro-pédologiques représentatives des trois grands modèles minéralogiques des sols tropicaux (Sols à allophanes (argiles non cristallisées), Sols à argiles 1/1 et Sols à argiles 2/1) et présentant des systèmes culturaux de différents niveaux d’intensification (monocultures intensives destinées à l’exportation, systèmes paysans faiblement intensifiés, etc.) ont ainsi été sélectionnées sur les sols de Martinique. Par ailleurs, afin de limiter les effets des usages antérieurs des parcelles, nous avons généralement choisi des situations culturales âgées au minimum de 3 ans.L’analyse des stocks de carbone des différentes parcelles fait apparaître des comportements différents : dans les sols à allophanes, il y a un effet de la minéralogie sur la stabilisation des matières organiques ; dans les sols à argiles cristallisées, il existe une corrélation entre la teneur en carbone (ou le stock organique) et la texture (ou teneur en éléments fins), aussi bien pour les situations non cultivées que pour les situations sous cultures. L’amplitude des variations (diminution) des stocks en carbone observées sous l’effet de différents modes de gestion des sols, dépend elle aussi de la texture : dans les sols sableux, la potentialité de séquestration du carbone est faible ou nulle, en revanche, les potentialités de stockage du carbone sont plus fortes dans les sols argileux.L’estimation des stocks totaux de carbone à l’échelle de la Martinique, pour un mètre de profondeur et pour une situation moyenne entre les cartes d’usage des terres de 1969/1970 et 1979/1980, s’élèvent à 11,859 Mt de C calculés pour 95,8% de la surface.La distribution de la matière organique du sol varie avec la texture du sol : dans les sols sableux, à faibles teneurs en matière organique, les matières organiques sont principalement associées aux fractions sableuses ; dans les sols argileux, plus riches en matières organiques, 50 à 60 % de la matière organique sont associées à la fraction argileuse. De même, la dynamique de la matière organique dépend également de la texture du sol : dans les sols sableux, les variations des stocks organiques sont essentiellement dues à la perte ou à l’accumulation en carbone de la fraction sableuse ; dans les sols argileux, la fraction argileuse participe de manière prépondérante aux variations des stocks organiques de ces sols lors de leur mise en culture ou en prairie ; les sols sablo-argileux ont un comportement intermédiaire entre ces deux pôles.La stabilité structurale varie avec la minéralogie. Les andosols (ou ALL) présentent un haut degré d’agrégation et de stabilité, du à la présence d’allophanes et à leur association particulière avec les composés organiques. Dans les sols à argiles cristallisées, la stabilité de l’agrégation est plus élevée dans les sols à argiles 1/1 (ou LAC) ; les valeurs les plus faibles sont généralement observées dans les parcelles sur sols à argiles 2/1 (ou HAC). En outre, la mise en culture se traduit généralement par une diminution de la stabilité de l’agrégation.L’intensification des cultures (labours fréquents, faibles restitutions de matière organique au sol, etc.) accentue la perte de la stabilité de l’agrégation provoquée par la mise en culture, en particulier dans les parcelles sur sols à argiles 2/1 (ou HAC). / Soils elements stocks, and particularly those of carbon, are in constant evolution under natural factors effect (climate, vegetation, clays content, etc) and anthropic factors effect (soils uses, etc). Our objective is thus, (i) to better understand the relations between soil, farming system and stored carbon quantity, (ii) to study the consequences of soils uses changes and of soils managements changes on organic matter shapes in soil and (iii) to specify organic matter role on soil properties physics.Representative agri-pedological situations of the three great mineralogical models of tropical soils (allophonic soils (not crystallized clays), 1:1 clay soils and 2:1 clay soils) and presenting agricultural systems of various levels of intensification (intensive monocultures intended for export, slightly intensified farming systems, etc) were thus selected in the soils of Martinique. In addition, to limit the effects of their former uses, we generally chose to the minimum 3 years old farming situations.The analysis of the various lands carbon stocks reveals different behaviors: in allophonic soils, a correlation exists between carbon content (or organic stock) and texture (or fine elements content), as well for not cultivated as for cultivated situations. Variations ranges (reduction) of carbon stocks observed under various management soils systems effect, also depends on texture: in sandy soils, carbon sequestration potentiality is low or null, on the other hand, carbon storage potentialities are higher in clay soils.The estimation of total carbon stocks on the scale of Martinique, for one meter of depth and for and average situation between the use soils charts of 1969/70 and 1979/80, rises to 11,859 Mt of C calculated for 95,8% of the surface.Soil organic matter distribution varies with soil texture: in sandy soils, with low contents of organic matter, organics matters are mainly associated with the sandy fractions; in clay soils, richer in organic matters, 50 to 60% of the organic matters are associated with the argillaceous fraction. In the same way, the organic matter dynamics also depends on soil texture: in sandy soils, organic stocks variations are primarily due to carbon loss or accumulation of the sandy fraction; in clay soils, the argillaceous fraction takes part in a dominating way in organic stocks variations of these soils at the time of their setting in culture or meadow; the sand-clay soils have an intermediate behavior between these two poles.Structural stability varies with mineralogy. Andosols (or ALL) present a high degree of aggregation and stability, due to the presence of allophones and their particular association with the organics compounds. In crystallized clay soils, aggregation stability is higher in 1:1 clay soils (or LAC); the lowest values are generally observed in the lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC). Moreover, culture setting generally results in aggregation stability reduction.Cultures intensification (frequent ploughings, low organic matter restitutions to the soil, etc) accentuates aggregation stability loss caused by culture setting, particularly in lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC).