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A avaliação da capacidade de carga das estruturas de alvenaria submetidas a ações horizontais depende da confiabilidade dos modelos de dimensionamento utilizados. De fato, a alvenaria é um material heterogêneo com característica ortotrópicas. Além disso, por possuir juntas de argamassa que acarretam planos de fraqueza, geralmente a modelagem computacional desse tipo de estrutura apresenta grandes dificuldades. Um modelo robusto para alvenaria só pode ser desenvolvido por meio de uma descrição suficientemente precisa do comportamento mecânico individual de cada um dos seus componentes (unidades de alvenaria e a argamassa) e sobretudo nas juntas de argamassa, as quais são responsáveis pela maior parte dos fenômenos não-lineares que ocorrem na estrutura. Entretanto, diante da escassez de resultados experimentais, descrever esses comportamentos com a precisão e o rigor necessários é uma tarefa bastante difícil. Diante desta motivação, este trabalho se propôs a identificar e quantificar a influência da ligação unidade-argamassa, denominada junta, no comportamento estrutural de painéis de contraventamento de alvenaria estrutural executados com blocos de concreto. Assim, foram obtidos dados experimentais do comportamento da ligação unidade-argamassa e das partes componentes que posteriormente foram utilizados em modelagens computacionais realizadas para prever o comportamento estrutural de painéis de contraventamento submetidos a esforços horizontais no plano. Posteriormente, a partir dos resultados obtidos dos ensaios de painéis submetido a força horizontal e vertical e das modelagens numéricas propostas foi possível comparar os resultados experimentais e numéricos com os resultados obtidos pelo procedimento de dimensionamento da norma brasileira NBR 15812-1 (ABNT, 2010). Assim pode-se concluir que os valores da força horizontal máxima determinados a partir das recomendações da NBR 15812-1 (ABNT, 2010) apresentaram valores mais conservadores que os resultados experimentais e numéricos, como seria esperado. / The evaluation of load bearing capacity of masonry structures subjected to horizontal actions depends on the reliability of the dimensional models used. Masonry is indeed a heterogeneous material with orthotropic characteristics. In addition, due to its weak mortar joints, in general, the computational modeling of this type of structure presents major difficulties. A robust model for masonry structures can only be developed through a fairly accurate description of the individual mechanical behavior of each of its constituents (masonry units and mortar) and, especially, in the mortar joints, which are responsible for most nonlinear phenomena occurring in the structure. However, due to the lack of experimental data, describing these behaviors with the accuracy and rigor required is a rather difficult task. Hence, the objective of this study is to identify and quantify the influence of mortar-unit bond, also called joint, on the structural behavior of concrete block masonry shear walls. Accordingly, the experimental data of the behavior of the mortar-unit bond and the constituents, which were further used in the numerical modeling developed to predict the structural behavior of shear wall subjected to horizontal forces in the plane, were obtained. Subsequently, from the results obtained in the assays of shear walls subjected to a horizontal and vertical force and the numerical modeling proposed it was possible to compare the experimental and numerical results with those obtained by mean of the Brazilian Code NBR 15812-1 (ABNT, 2010). Therefore, it can be concluded that the values of maximum horizontal force determined according to the recommendations of Brazilian Code design criterion are more conservative values than the experimental and numerical values, as expected.

Conventional methods used in the structural analysis are usually insufficient for the analysis of historical structures because of the complex geometry and heterogeneous material properties of the structure. Today&rsquo / s computing facilities and methods make FEM the most suitable analysis method for complex structural geometry and heterogeneous material properties. Even the shrinkage, creep of the material can be considered in the analysis. Because of this reason Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to analyze such structures. FEM converts the structure into finite number of elements with specific degree of freedoms and analyses the structure by using matrix algebra. However, advanced FEM methods considering the inelastic and time dependent behavior of material is a very complex and difficult task and consumes considerable time. Because of this reason, to analyze every historical structure is not feasible by applying advanced inelastic FEM, whereas elastic FEM analysis at low load levels is very helpful in understanding the behavior of the structure.The analysis of a masonry gate in the historical city, Hasankeyf is the case study of this thesis. Different common software are used in FEM to compare the stresses, deformations, modal shapes etc. of the same structure. Besides the inelastic behavior of the structure is investigated and compared with the elastic behavior of the structure. The study is intended to show that at the low load levels elastic FEM analysis is sufficient to understand the response of the structure and is preferable to the inelastic FEM analysis unless a very complex analysis is required

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CassioFC_DISSERT.pdf: 3473717 bytes, checksum: 62553a61815c3d6ecf0b6b9390381d0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-09 / This dissertation presents a hybrid ceramic block the use of which reside in the buildings executed with walls. Initially, we conducted a survey on the requirements and / or norms prevailing in Brazil about structural ceramic blocks, making use of the experiences in other countries. This work seeks new materials and / or products in order to maintain or increase the compressive strength of the ceramic blocks, without neglecting the other properties. Then was collected materials (clay and crushed powder) and an approach on the characterization, through fluorescence, Mineralogy, vitrification curve and characterization of these materials used in the manufacture of the blocks by Ray Diffraction "X" and SEM. Subsequently it was made, numbered and measured dimensions of about 150 bodies of the test piece (hybrid ceramic blocks in small sizes) with varying percentages of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% substitution of crushed clay powder. After sintering of the bodies of the test piece at temperatures of 900oC, 1000oC 1100oC and with a heating rate of 5oC/minuto and level of 1 hour, the samples were submitted to the tests (compressive strength and water absorption) and calculated their retractions, which were subsequently carried out the analysis of the results according to the criteria and parameters required by Brazilian legislation and standards in force / Esta disserta??o apresenta um bloco cer?mico h?brido cuja utiliza??o reside nas edifica??es executadas com alvenarias estruturais. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma pesquisa sobre as exig?ncias e/ou normatiza??es vigentes no Brasil a cerca de blocos cer?micos estruturais, fazendo uso das experi?ncias nos outros pa?ses. Este trabalho busca novos materiais e/ou produtos com a finalidade de manter ou elevar a resist?ncia ? compress?o dos blocos cer?micos, sem desprezar as demais propriedades. Em seguida, foi realizada coleta dos materiais (argila e p? de brita) e uma abordagem acerca da caracteriza??o, atrav?s da Fluoresc?ncia, Mineralogia, Curva de Gresifica??o e Caracteriza??o destes materiais utilizados na confec??o dos blocos, atrav?s da Difra??o de Raio X e MEV. Posteriormente, foram confeccionados, numerados e medidos as dimens?es de aproximadamente 150 corpos-de-prova (blocos cer?micos h?bridos em tamanhos reduzidos) com percentuais que variam de 0%, 5%, 10% e 15% de substitui??o de p? de brita a argila. Ap?s a sinteriza??o dos corpos-de-prova a temperaturas de 900oC, 1000oC e 1100oC com taxa de aquecimento de 5oC/minuto e patamar de 1 hora, as amostras foram encaminhadas para a realiza??o dos ensaios (resist?ncia a compress?o e absor??o de ?gua) e calculado as respectivas retra??es, que posteriormente foram realizados as analises dos resultados de acordo com os crit?rios e par?metros exigidos pelas Normas e Legisla??o brasileira vigente

A avaliação da capacidade de carga das estruturas de alvenaria submetidas a ações horizontais depende da confiabilidade dos modelos de dimensionamento utilizados. De fato, a alvenaria é um material heterogêneo com característica ortotrópicas. Além disso, por possuir juntas de argamassa que acarretam planos de fraqueza, geralmente a modelagem computacional desse tipo de estrutura apresenta grandes dificuldades. Um modelo robusto para alvenaria só pode ser desenvolvido por meio de uma descrição suficientemente precisa do comportamento mecânico individual de cada um dos seus componentes (unidades de alvenaria e a argamassa) e sobretudo nas juntas de argamassa, as quais são responsáveis pela maior parte dos fenômenos não-lineares que ocorrem na estrutura. Entretanto, diante da escassez de resultados experimentais, descrever esses comportamentos com a precisão e o rigor necessários é uma tarefa bastante difícil. Diante desta motivação, este trabalho se propôs a identificar e quantificar a influência da ligação unidade-argamassa, denominada junta, no comportamento estrutural de painéis de contraventamento de alvenaria estrutural executados com blocos de concreto. Assim, foram obtidos dados experimentais do comportamento da ligação unidade-argamassa e das partes componentes que posteriormente foram utilizados em modelagens computacionais realizadas para prever o comportamento estrutural de painéis de contraventamento submetidos a esforços horizontais no plano. Posteriormente, a partir dos resultados obtidos dos ensaios de painéis submetido a força horizontal e vertical e das modelagens numéricas propostas foi possível comparar os resultados experimentais e numéricos com os resultados obtidos pelo procedimento de dimensionamento da norma brasileira NBR 15812-1 (ABNT, 2010). Assim pode-se concluir que os valores da força horizontal máxima determinados a partir das recomendações da NBR 15812-1 (ABNT, 2010) apresentaram valores mais conservadores que os resultados experimentais e numéricos, como seria esperado. / The evaluation of load bearing capacity of masonry structures subjected to horizontal actions depends on the reliability of the dimensional models used. Masonry is indeed a heterogeneous material with orthotropic characteristics. In addition, due to its weak mortar joints, in general, the computational modeling of this type of structure presents major difficulties. A robust model for masonry structures can only be developed through a fairly accurate description of the individual mechanical behavior of each of its constituents (masonry units and mortar) and, especially, in the mortar joints, which are responsible for most nonlinear phenomena occurring in the structure. However, due to the lack of experimental data, describing these behaviors with the accuracy and rigor required is a rather difficult task. Hence, the objective of this study is to identify and quantify the influence of mortar-unit bond, also called joint, on the structural behavior of concrete block masonry shear walls. Accordingly, the experimental data of the behavior of the mortar-unit bond and the constituents, which were further used in the numerical modeling developed to predict the structural behavior of shear wall subjected to horizontal forces in the plane, were obtained. Subsequently, from the results obtained in the assays of shear walls subjected to a horizontal and vertical force and the numerical modeling proposed it was possible to compare the experimental and numerical results with those obtained by mean of the Brazilian Code NBR 15812-1 (ABNT, 2010). Therefore, it can be concluded that the values of maximum horizontal force determined according to the recommendations of Brazilian Code design criterion are more conservative values than the experimental and numerical values, as expected.

Este trabalho apresenta um novo modelo numérico para simulação de juntas de argamassa em estruturas de alvenaria no plano via método dos elementos finitos. Neste modelo, blocos de alvenaria e juntas de argamassa são representados separadamente. Elementos finitos com alta razão de aspecto são utilizados para representar as juntas de argamassa e são inseridos na malha de elementos finitos através de uma técnica de fragmentação de malha. A principal vantagem desta técnica consiste na utilização de modelos constitutivos contínuos para representar regiões descontínuas, uma vez que seu campo de deformações quando a altura do elemento de interface tende a zero é semelhante ao apresentado pela abordagem de aproximação contínua de descontinuidades fortes. Um modelo constitutivo contínuo baseado na mecânica do dano foi desenvolvido para representar o comportamento dos elementos de interface. Este modelo consegue representar a abertura e fechamento de fraturas, bem como o efeito de atrito em função da tensão de confinamento nas interfaces. Como o objetivo deste trabalho consiste na simulação da formação e propagação de fraturas ao longo das juntas de argamassa, comportamento elástico linear foi atribuindo aos elementos triangulares de três nós utilizados na discretização dos blocos de alvenaria. Vários exemplos numéricos são apresentados. Inicialmente, testes básicos são realizados para demonstrar as principais características do modelo quando submetido a carregamentos de tração, compressão e cisalhamento. Posteriormente, estruturas de alvenaria submetidas a carregamentos estáticos são analisadas e os resultados comparados com as respostas experimentais a fim de validar o modelo proposto. A técnica proposta se mostrou bastante promissora para simulação da formação e propagação de fratura em juntas de argamassa de estruturas de alvenaria. / This work presents a novel numerical model to simulate the failure process in masonry structures subjected to static loads via finite element method. Brick and mortar joints are modeled separately with their own constitutive equations. Interface finite element with high aspect ratio are used to simulate the mortar interface and inserted by the mesh fragmentation technique. The main advantage of this strategy is supported by the fact that, as the aspect ratio of a standard low-order solid finite element increases, the element strains also increase, approaching the same kinematics as the Continuum Strong Discontinuity Approach. A constitutive model was developed, based on the continuum damage mechanics, in order to represent the behavior of the interface finite elements. This model is able to simulate the creation and propagation of cracks, as well as, the frictional effects in dependence on stress confinement on the interfaces. Furthermore, as the objective of this work aims to simulate the failure in the mortar joints, the brick elements are assumed as linear elastic material. Three node standard triangular finite element are used to represent the bricks. Several numerical models are carried out. Initially, basics tests are show in order to demonstrate the main characteristics of the proposed model subjected to tensile, compression and shear loads. Subsequently, masonry structures are subjected to static loads are analyzed and the results compared with the experimental responses in order to validate the proposed model. This technique proved to be very promising for the simulation of failure onset and propagation in mortar joints of masonry structures.

A construção de edifícios em alvenaria estrutural tem evoluído de maneira significativa no Brasil. Os edifícios têm se tornado cada vez mais altos, atingindo a marca de 20 pavimentos. Quanto mais altos os edifícios, maiores se tornam os níveis de compressão provenientes dos carregamentos verticais e a sua composição com as ações devidas ao vento e ao desaprumo, obrigando a um maior emprego da alvenaria estrutural armada. A aderência bloco/graute como fator limitante à capacidade do conjunto armadura/graute/bloco na absorção da compressão e tração simples ou da tração oriunda da flexão não é especificada nas normas tanto nacionais como internacionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal estudar o comportamento da interface bloco/graute, tanto para blocos de concreto como cerâmicos e com a presença ou não de armadura, submetidos a solicitações que provocam tração e compressão. Recursos experimentais e numéricos foram realizados para o desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa. Foram feitos ensaios de caracterização dos materiais, dos componentes e da alvenaria, além de ensaios de \"push-out\" (empurramento) para determinar a resistência de aderência na interface graute/bloco e ensaios de \"pull-out\" (arrancamento) considerando-se a presença de barras de armadura para o estudo do comportamento do conjunto graute/bloco/armadura utilizados. Posteriormente foram realizadas modelagens computacionais no programa DIANA, que é baseado no método dos elementos finitos, para prever o comportamento estrutural dos modelos. A partir dos resultados experimentais e numéricos pôde-se concluir que existe uma boa aderência entre as paredes dos blocos de concreto e o graute, suficiente para evitar o escorregamento, sendo possível mobilizar toda a resistência de tração das barras de armadura de diâmetros usuais, desde que devidamente ancoradas. Já com os blocos cerâmicos observa-se uma menor aderência entre as paredes dos blocos e o graute, podendo ocorrer o escorregamento do material de enchimento, antes que a armadura alcance sua tensão de escoamento. O graute de maior resistência à compressão e menor fator água cimento (graute G30) apresentou maior resistência de aderência em relação ao graute mais fraco (graute G14) e de maior fator água/cimento. Quanto aos limites estabelecidos para a tensão de escoamento das armaduras, observa-se que, no caso de blocos de concreto, não deve haver restrição. Em contraposição, quanto aos blocos cerâmicos, o problema é mais complexo, cabendo a realização de mais ensaios para a confirmação de limites, com a variação de blocos e grautes. Os resultados do estudo paramétrico apontam limites que devem ser adotados no caso de diâmetro superior a 10 mm. De maneira simplificada, como ponto para futuras verificações pode-se propor: 75% para Ø 12,5 mm, 50% para Ø 16 mm e 25% para Ø 20 mm. As análises numéricas realizadas nos modelos ensaiados a push-out e pull-out representaram adequadamente o comportamentos observado em laboratório, permitindo a realização da análise paramétrica. / The construction of structural masonry buildings has evolved significantly in Brazil. The buildings have become ever higher, reaching the level of 20 floors. Higher buildings lead to lager compression levels, coming from the vertical loads combined to the horizontal actions due to wind and lack of verticality, obliging a greater use of reinforced structural masonry. The block/grout adherence is not specified in both national and international standards. This work aims to study the behavior of the block/grout interface, for both concrete and clay blocks, with and without reinforcement, submitted to tensile and compressive forces. Experimental and numerical resources were used to development of this study. The experimental program studied the masonry behavior using push-out specimens to determine the bond strength between the grout and the concrete unit, and pull-out specimens to study the behavior of the interface of the grout/block/reinforcement. Computational modelling was carried out using the FEM software Diana, which has a library with constitutive models suitable for civil engineering application, to complete the study and understand the structural behavior of the block/grout interface. The experimental results showed that there is a good bond between the concrete blocks internal faces and the grout, enough to prevent infill-slippage, and that the whole tensile strength of the usual reinforcement rebars is achieved provided they are properly anchored. Nevertheless, for clay blocks there is a low bond between the clay blocks internal faces and the grout, allowing the infill-slippage before the reinforcement bars reach their yield stress. The higher strength grout with lower water/cement ratio (grout G30) presented higher bond strength compared to the lower strength grout and higher water/cement ratio (grout G14). In the case of concrete blocks there should be no restriction limits on the yield stress of reinforcement, in a practical sense and considering other prescribed limits. In contradiction, in the case of clay blocks, additional tests should be carried out for establishing limits, with varying blocks and grouts. The parametric analysis indicates limits that should be adopted for a diameter larger than 10 mm. The authors of this research suggest 75% for Ø 12.5 mm, 50% for Ø 16 mm and 25% for Ø 20 mm as a reference point for future investigations. The numerical analysis showed that the computer models of the push-out and pull-out specimens represented adequately the behavior of the physical models, and thus can be used in parametric analysis.

La maçonnerie est une technique de construction très ancienne qui est toujours d'utilisation très répandue sous toutes les latitudes. Elle fait appel à deux éléments essentiels : des blocs et des joints, qui peuvent être éventuellement remplis de mortier. Le matériau obtenu peut être considéré comme continu ou discontinu, selon les propriétés relatives des blocs et des joints. Les blocs sont souvent en pierre, en brique crue ou cuite. Les mortiers sont généralement à base de chaux, de ciment ou d'un mélange de ces deux composants. Depuis l'apparition du béton au XIX° siècle, les calculs se sont concentrés sur des approches continues, et les techniques de conception des maçonneries ont peu bénéficié des avancées scientifiques, et du développement d'outils de calcul largement utilisés dans les bureaux d'études. Corrélativement à cette évolution, la maçonnerie a perdu des parts de marché de la construction, et les méthodes et moyens mis en œuvre pour la conception d'ouvrages en maçonnerie n'ont pas été suffisamment modernisés. Dans ce contexte, le présent travail a pour ambition de contribuer au calcul de structures maçonnées, considérées comme des structures discontinues, avec l'objectif de servir au monde de l'entreprise et de l'architecture.L'échelle d'étude de la structure ou du matériau : comportement général de l'ensemble bâti, comportement d'un panneau de maçonnerie, comportement de l'interface mortier - bloc, ou des contacts blocs-blocs dans le cas de maçonnerie à joints vifs, conduit à l'utilisation de divers cadres théoriques, et méthodes analytiques ou numériques correspondantes. Après une analyse des avantages et inconvénients de diverses méthodes disponibles, numériques ou graphiques, dans le domaine de la mécanique et de l'architecture (stéréotomie), nous présentons en détail la méthode Non Smooth Contact Dynamics. Cette méthode, initiée à la fin du XX° siècle, par Jean-Jacques MOREAU et Michel JEAN, décrit de façon théorique, les conditions de mise en place des efforts de contact entre corps solides, déformables ou rigides, en 2D et 3D, en présence de chocs, et en présence de grands déplacements, ou rotations. Les conditions de non interpénétration entre corps sont régies par un formalisme spécialement développé dans le cadre de l'analyse convexe. Nous avons retenu ce cadre théorique, et utilisé une chaine logicielle développée sur ses bases, pour modéliser des structures réalistes, c'est-à-dire tridimensionnelles, soumises à des chargements dynamiques, et qui sont modernes, dans la mesure où elles intègrent une géométrie complexe, performante (économie de matière et esthétique) et la mise en œuvre d'une précontrainte, avec prise en compte de son phasage.L'exemple de la structure de l'escalier de Ridolfi est utilisé comme support à l'examen de divers paramètres d'optimisation du calcul réalisé avec la plateforme ouverte LMGC90, permettant à l'utilisateur de maîtriser en détail les diverses phases du calcul non-linéaire conduit. Les paramètres du calcul dont nous avons testé l'influence sont : le pas de temps, le critère de convergence, le nombre d'itérations gérées par l'algorithme de Gauss-Seidel, le critère de rétrécissement, le coefficient de frottement entre blocs, et l'intensité de la précontrainte mise en place par post tension dans les câbles. L'expérimentation conduite sur un modèle physique en vraie grandeur, est reconstituée, dans ses différentes phases, sur maquette numérique, et la pertinence des résultats obtenus par simulation est discutée.Les travaux ont été réalisés au Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil de l'Université Montpellier II et du CNRS, et au Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement Industriel de l'Ecole des Mines d'Alès. Leur financement a été assuré par le Ministère de l'Education et de la Formation du Vietnam, ainsi que par ARMINES. / Although it is an old construction technique, masonry is still world wide spread nowadays. It uses two main components: blocks and joints, which can be filled with mortar. The resulting material can be considered as continuous or discontinuous, according to the relative performances of the blocks and joints. The blocks are often made of stone, raw earth or brick. The mortars generally incorporate lime or cement or a mixture of those components. Since the discovery of modern concrete during the XIXth century, calculations have been performed in the framework of continuous methods, and the masonry design technics have not fully benefited from the scientific breakthrough, nor from the development of calculation tools used in design offices. Following this evolution, masonry lost some ground in the construction field, and methods and means used for the design of buildings have not been improved enough. In this context, the present work aims at contributing to the calculation of masonry structures, considered as discontinuous structures, with the ultimate goal to be of some use in the field of industry and architecture.The structure or material study scale: general behavior of the building, behavior of a masonry panel, or behavior of the bonding between the blocks and the mortar, or the block-block contacts for dry friction masonry, leads to the use of several theoretical frameworks, and associated analytical or numerical methods. After an analysis of the pros and cons of the different available methods, in the fields of mechanics and architecture (stereotomy), we will present in detail the Non Smooth Contact Dynamics method. This method, initiated at the end of the XXth century, by Jean-Jacques MOREAU et Michel JEAN, describes theoretically, the conditions of the development of contact forces between solids, whether able to support strains or rigid, in 2D or 3D, under the effects of shocks, large displacements or rotations. The conditions of no overlapping between the bodies are described by equations developed using the convex analysis concepts. We chose this theoretical framework, and used the software platform developed on these concepts, for modeling realistic structures that are modern, because they allow to take into account 3D structures with complex and efficient geometries (aesthetic point of view, economy of material), subjected to dynamical loads, and including the sequential set-up of pre-stressing technics.The example of the Ridolfi stair case is used as a support for the examination of several optimization parameters for the calculation performed on the LMGC90 open software, allowing the modeler to supervise in detail several steps of the performed non-linear calculations. The calculation parameters of which we have tested the influence are: the time step, convergence criterion, the iteration number considered in the Gauss-Siedel algorithm, the shrinkage criterion, the friction coefficient between blocks, and the pre-stressing strain applied in the post tension cables. The experiment carried out on a real size physical model is numerically simulated, and the consistency of the computed results is discussed.The work was carried out in the Mechanics and Civil Engineering Laboratory of the University of Montpellier II and the CNRS (French National Scientific Research Agency), and the Laboratory of Industrial Environment Engineering of Alès School of Mines. The funding was provided by the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam, and ARMINES.

Tunnelling in urban areas causes short-term and long-term ground movements under existing buildings. Finite element analysis provides a useful option for assessing the likely extent of damage induced in these buildings. Although finite element analysis is suggested to be used in the later phases of the building damage assessment procedures employed in practice, only the effect of short-term ground movements is typically considered and there are no detailed guidelines on the specification and complexity of the modelling. This thesis addresses the tunnel-soil-building interaction problem and the effect of long-term consolidation, as well as demonstrating the application of 3D finite element analysis with appropriate simplifications for practical assessment purposes. Finite element models are developed to quantify the effect of shallow tunnelling on an example masonry building founded on strip footings, considering both single- and twin-tunnel scenarios in a typical London soil profile. Total stress and effective stress analyses are adopted with specific modelling procedures to focus on the short-term and long-term response respectively. The analyses use a non-linear model for the masonry, and allow slippage and gapping at the soil-footing interface. Two advanced constitutive models for the soil (the extended Mohr-Coulomb model and the modified two-surface kinematic hardening model) are implemented with customized stress update schemes. The finite element results present the interaction between the soil and the building by comparing with the greenfield ground response. The horizontal coupling between the foundation and the ground is shown to be relatively weak. The dominant deformation mode of the building varies with the tunnel configuration (i.e. single or twin tunnels) and the tunnel eccentricity. Strain localization is found around the explicitly modelled window and door openings. The long-term consolidation is sensitive to the permeability of the tunnel lining. The building response to long-term ground movements is further affected by the tunnel-tunnel interaction in the case of twin-tunnel configuration. Performing 3D analysis of a single facade and foundation provides useful damage predictions, without the need to model a complete building. The proposed result processing methods such as characteristic strain and damage bar chart are practical tools for assessment. The study highlights some limitations of the elastic beam assessment method, which is often adopted in the early phase of the damage assessment process.