Mass spectrometry (MS) as an analytical approach could provide comprehensive identification and quantitation of the biomolecules (proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, lipids) in a cell, tissue, or organism, from biomarker discovery to prediction of response to therapy or intervention. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), can determine the elemental composition of materials and has been used for below ppt levels (ppq) and better in some cases (transuranics and non-metals) to detect metals and other elements in water, soil, and air or blood and urine samples. Mass cytometry is an implementation of ICP-MS to single-cell analysis; it is based on metal isotope-tagged antibodies to quantify these bioconjugates. Imaging mass cytometry (IMC), a commercially available immunohistochemistry laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOF-MS) system, was designed for molecular biomarkers imaging in the tissue sections (e.g., brain) through metal-tagged antibodies (typically, lanthanides). This thesis highlights the contributions of ICP-TOF-MS-based approaches towards advanced developments of mass cytometry (CyTOF) and discusses its biomedical applications for investigating neurodegenerative diseases while comparing it to other imaging modalities such as PET, MRI, Allen brain, etc. In conclusion, CyTOF, as a high-dimensional imaging tool, provides information on many clinical applications, such as hematopoiesis, transplantation, cancer, and autoimmunity.