Aging bridges in the United States demand effective, efficient, and economical strengthening techniques to meet future traffic requirements. One such technique is to bond steel or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plates to the tension faces of reinforced concrete bridge beams with adhesives to strengthen them in flexure. However, beams that have been flexurally strengthened in this manner often fail prematurely, in particular by plate end peeling. The benefits of flexural strengthening by externally bonded reinforcement can only be fully realized by preventing premature failure modes so as to allow the development of composite action between the beam and the external reinforcement. With this goal in mind, several critical limit states of externally reinforced beams are examined in this thesis. Models developed by Roberts (1989) and by Colotti, Spadea, and Swamy (2004) that predict premature plate end debonding are examined in depth using data from previously conducted experimental programs that employed both steel and FRP external reinforcement. In addition, various parameters of the concrete beam, adhesive, and external reinforcement are analyzed in each model to determine the role of each parameter in failure prediction. A critical appraisal of the performance of the models using existing experimental data leads to the selection of the Roberts (1989) model. This model is used to develop recommended design guidelines for flexurally strengthening reinforced concrete bridge beams with externally bonded FRP plates and for preventing premature plate peeling.

An extensive review of probabilistic techniques in fatigue analysis indicates that there is a need for new microstructure-sensitive methods in describing the effects of notches on the fatigue life reduction in cyclically loaded components. Of special interest are notched components made from polycrystalline nickel-base superalloys, which are used for high temperature applications in aircraft gas turbine engine disks. Microstructure-sensitive computational crystal plasticity is combined with novel probabilistic techniques to determine the probability of failure of notched components based on the distribution of slip within the notch root region and small crack initiation processes. The key microstructure features of two Ni-base superalloys, a fine and coarse grain IN100, are reviewed and the method in which these alloys are computationally modeled is presented. Next, the geometric model of the notched specimens and method of finite element polycrystalline reconstruction is demonstrated. Shear-based fatigue indicator parameters are used to characterize the shear-based, mode I formation and propagation of fatigue cracks. Finally, two different probabilistic approaches are described in this work including a grain-scale approach, which describes the probability of forming a crack on the order of grain size, and a transition crack length approach, which describes the probability of forming and propagating a crack to the transition crack length. These approaches are used to construct cumulative distribution functions for the probability of failure as a function of various notch root sizes and strain load amplitudes.

A novel microstructure-sensitive extreme value probabilistic framework is introduced to evaluate material performance/variability for damage evolution processes (e.g., fatigue, fracture, creep). This framework employs newly developed extreme value marked correlation functions (EVMCF) to identify the coupled microstructure attributes (e.g., phase/grain size, grain orientation, grain misorientation) that have the greatest statistical relevance to the extreme value response variables (e.g., stress, elastic/plastic strain) that describe the damage evolution processes of interest. This is an improvement on previous approaches that account for distributed extreme value response variables that describe the damage evolution process of interest based only on the extreme value distributions of a single microstructure attribute; previous approaches have given no consideration of how coupled microstructure attributes affect the distributions of extreme value response. This framework also utilizes computational modeling techniques to identify correlations between microstructure attributes that significantly raise or lower the magnitudes of the damage response variables of interest through the simulation of multiple statistical volume elements (SVE). Each SVE for a given response is constructed to be a statistical sample of the entire microstructure ensemble (i.e., bulk material); therefore, the response of interest in each SVE is not expected to be the same. This is in contrast to computational simulation of a single representative volume element (RVE), which often is untenably large for response variables dependent on the extreme value microstructure attributes. This framework has been demonstrated in the context of characterizing microstructure-sensitive high cycle fatigue (HCF) variability due to the processes of fatigue crack formation (nucleation and microstructurally small crack growth) in polycrystalline metallic alloys. Specifically, the framework is exercised to estimate the local driving forces for fatigue crack formation, to validate these with limited existing experiments, and to explore how the extreme value probabilities of certain fatigue indicator parameters (FIPs) affect overall variability in fatigue life in the HCF regime. Various FIPs have been introduced and used previously as a means to quantify the potential for fatigue crack formation based on experimentally observed mechanisms. Distributions of the extreme value FIPs are calculated for multiple SVEs simulated via the FEM with crystal plasticity constitutive relations. By using crystal plasticity relations, the FIPs can be computed based on the cyclic plastic strain on the scale of the individual grains. These simulated SVEs are instantiated such that they are statistically similar to real microstructures in terms of the crystallographic microstructure attributes that are hypothesized to have the most influence on the extreme value HCF response. The polycrystalline alloys considered here include the Ni-base superalloy IN100 and the Ti alloy Ti-6Al-4V. In applying this framework to study the microstructure dependent variability of HCF in these alloys, the extreme value distributions of the FIPs and associated extreme value marked correlations of crystallographic microstructure attributes are characterized. This information can then be used to rank order multiple variants of the microstructure for a specific material system for relative HCF performance or to design new microstructures hypothesized to exhibit improved performance. This framework enables limiting the (presently) large number of experiments required to characterize scatter in HCF and lends quantitative support to designing improved, fatigue-resistant materials and accelerating insertion of modified and new materials into service.

No description available.

Aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) são uma alternativa atraente em aplicações estruturais. Devido ao baixo teor de carbono e de elementos de liga (Ni, V e Ti), os aços ARBL apresentam bons níveis de tenacidade e de resistência mecânica, além de boa soldabilidade, permitindo assim, o uso de componentes estruturais mais leves, a economia no consumo de combustível, bem como o desenvolvimento de construções ambientalmente corretas. A boa combinação de propriedades mecânicas permite que os aços ARBL sejam amplamente utilizados na construção naval, na indústria petrolífera e na indústria automotiva. Para estas aplicações, a tecnologia de soldagem é inevitável, a qual produz alterações microestruturais localizadas e redução dos níveis de resistência mecânica, tensões residuais e defeitos indesejáveis, que geram problemas potenciais de segurança e de confiabilidade. Estes defeitos de soldagem acentuam o processo de falha de fadiga, quando componentes mecânicos são submetidos a cargas cíclicas. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a influência do processo de soldagem por arco elétrico com atmosfera de proteção gasosa (GMAW) na microestrutura, propriedades mecânicas e resistência à fadiga do aço ARBL DIN EN 10149 S700MC, aplicando três velocidades de soldagem e dois diferentes metais de adição (AWS ER 70 S – 6 e AWS E 110C-G-M). Para isso, corpos de prova deste aço ARBL e juntas soldadas desses dois metais de adição foram estudadas por meio de análises microestruturais, ensaios de tração uniaxial, microdureza e ensaios de fadiga por tração uniaxial. Os resultados mostraram que a velocidade de soldagem não causou alterações significativas na microestrutura do metal de solda e da zona termicamente afetada, na microdureza e na resistência à tração, quando foi utilizado o mesmo metal de solda. Porém, maiores velocidades de soldagem causaram o aumento do defeito de mordedura. Além disso, verificou-se um aumento da vida em fadiga do componente com a diminuição da velocidade de soldagem. Quando comparadas as amostras soldadas com uma mesma velocidade de soldagem, observou-se um aumento da proporção de ferrita acicular no metal de solda, um aumento da tensão de ruptura e, consequentemente, uma melhora da vida em fadiga do componente, em função do aumento da resistência mecânica do metal de solda. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-05-10T18:40:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rui Gustavo Lippert Schwanke.pdf: 11672515 bytes, checksum: 14a40d04483fb3216e392d56449ded89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T18:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rui Gustavo Lippert Schwanke.pdf: 11672515 bytes, checksum: 14a40d04483fb3216e392d56449ded89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. / High strength and low alloy steels (HSLA) are attractive alternative in structural applications. Due to the low carbon and alloying elements (Ni, V and Ti) contents, HSLA steels show good levels of toughness and mechanical strength, besides good weldability, allowing use of lighter structural components, fuel economy, as well as the development of environmentally-friendly constructions and sustainable societies. The good combination of mechanical properties allows HSLA steels to be widely used in shipbuilding oil industry and automotive industry. For these applications, welding technology is inevitable, however it produces localized microstructural changes and reduction in the levels of mechanical strenght, residual stresses and undesirable defects, which generate potential problems of security and reliability. These welding defects accentuate the fatigue failure process when mechanical components are subjected to cyclic loads. In this work, the influence of the gas metal arc welding process (GMAW) on microstructure, mechanical properties and fatigue life of the HSLA DIN EN 10149 S700MC steel was studied, applying three welding speeds and two different addition metals (AWS ER 70 S-6 and AWS E 110C-G-M). For this purpose, samples of this HSLA steel and welded joints of these two addition metals were studied by microstructural analysis, uniaxial tension tests, microhardness tests and uniaxial tension fatigue tests. The results showed that the welding speed did not cause significant changes in the microstructure of the weld metal and of the heat-affected zone, in the microhardness and in the tensile strength, when the same weld metal was used. However, higher welding speeds caused the increase of the undercut defect. Besides that, an increase in fatigue life of the component with the decrease in welding speed was verified. When welded samples produced with the same welding speed were compared, an increase in the ratio of acicular ferrite in the weld metal zone, in the tensile stress and, consequently, an improvement in the fatigue life of the component was observe as a function of the increase in mechanical resistance of the weld metal.

Devido à resistência dos fabricantes de automóveis quanto à utilização de engrenagens de FNA estudos tem sido feitos para averiguar o desempenho deste material em engrenagens. Dentro deste contexto esta dissertação tem como objetivos principais o desenvolvimento e construção de uma máquina de ensaios de fadiga de contato em engrenagens e a comparação quanto à resistência ao desgaste de engrenagens cilíndricas de dentes retos fabricadas em aço liga 8620 (cementado e temperado) e em ferro fundido nodular austêmperado (FNA). Estas engrenagens foram fornecidas em dois estados de acabamento superficial (shaving ou por fresamento). O equipamento desenvolvido funciona com o princípio de recirculação de potência e é comumente chamado de FZG. Os experimentos de desgaste têm sido feitos com dois estágios de torque: 135 N.m (running-in) e 302 N.m (steady-state) e as engrenagens são de perfil modificado. Após a realização dos ensaios, foi possível verificar que: (1) a área danificada dos flancos, devido ao fenômeno de pitting, das engrenagens de FNA foi maior do que das de aço AISI 8620; (2) a comparação entre os parâmetros de rugosidade nos estágio de fornecimento e após cada estágio do experimento mostra que as engrenagens com acabamento por shaving apresentam uma melhor distribuição da carga e um menor desgaste, (3) o regime de lubrificação na região do diâmetro primitivo durante os ensaios foi o limite (ou limítrofe) para ambos os processos de fabricação, porém o parâmetro de espessura de filme (λ) é maior para engrenagens fabricadas por shaving, fazendo com que a espessura do filme lubrificante seja maior, (4) o efeito da redução da área resistente aos esforços de contato, devido à presença dos nódulos de grafita, na resistência a fadiga foi evidenciado, porém o acabamento superficial mostrou-se mais relevante do que a distribuição e tamanho dos nódulos. / Due to the resistance of automotive manufactures on apply ADI gear studies have been made to verify the performance of this material. Inside this context this work has a main objective the construction of contact fatigue test machine in gears and the comparison, related to the wear resistance, between spur-gears made of carburized and quenched AISI 8620 low steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI). These gears were supplied in two states of finish surface (by shaving or by machining). The developed equipment functions with the principle of the power recirculation and commonly called FZG. The wear experiments were performed in two stages of torque: 135 N.m (running-in) and 302 N.m (steady-state) and the gears have modified profile. After the accomplishment of the experiments, was possible verify that: (1) The damaged area of flanks, due to the phenomenon of pitting, at ADI gears was bigger than AISI 8620 low-alloy steel gears. (2) The comparisons between the roughness parameter in the supply state and after each period of the experiment shows that gears with surface finish by shaving have better load distribution and minor wear. (3) Lubricant regime at pitch diameter was the boundary for both manufacture process, but the film thickness parameter λ is higher for shaved gears, making the lubricant film thickness has major value, (4) The reduction effect the resistive area of contact due the presence of the graphite nodules in the contact fatigue resistance was evidenced, however surface finishing was more relevant than the distribution and size nodules.

Devido à resistência dos fabricantes de automóveis quanto à utilização de engrenagens de FNA estudos tem sido feitos para averiguar o desempenho deste material em engrenagens. Dentro deste contexto esta dissertação tem como objetivos principais o desenvolvimento e construção de uma máquina de ensaios de fadiga de contato em engrenagens e a comparação quanto à resistência ao desgaste de engrenagens cilíndricas de dentes retos fabricadas em aço liga 8620 (cementado e temperado) e em ferro fundido nodular austêmperado (FNA). Estas engrenagens foram fornecidas em dois estados de acabamento superficial (shaving ou por fresamento). O equipamento desenvolvido funciona com o princípio de recirculação de potência e é comumente chamado de FZG. Os experimentos de desgaste têm sido feitos com dois estágios de torque: 135 N.m (running-in) e 302 N.m (steady-state) e as engrenagens são de perfil modificado. Após a realização dos ensaios, foi possível verificar que: (1) a área danificada dos flancos, devido ao fenômeno de pitting, das engrenagens de FNA foi maior do que das de aço AISI 8620; (2) a comparação entre os parâmetros de rugosidade nos estágio de fornecimento e após cada estágio do experimento mostra que as engrenagens com acabamento por shaving apresentam uma melhor distribuição da carga e um menor desgaste, (3) o regime de lubrificação na região do diâmetro primitivo durante os ensaios foi o limite (ou limítrofe) para ambos os processos de fabricação, porém o parâmetro de espessura de filme (λ) é maior para engrenagens fabricadas por shaving, fazendo com que a espessura do filme lubrificante seja maior, (4) o efeito da redução da área resistente aos esforços de contato, devido à presença dos nódulos de grafita, na resistência a fadiga foi evidenciado, porém o acabamento superficial mostrou-se mais relevante do que a distribuição e tamanho dos nódulos. / Due to the resistance of automotive manufactures on apply ADI gear studies have been made to verify the performance of this material. Inside this context this work has a main objective the construction of contact fatigue test machine in gears and the comparison, related to the wear resistance, between spur-gears made of carburized and quenched AISI 8620 low steel and austempered ductile iron (ADI). These gears were supplied in two states of finish surface (by shaving or by machining). The developed equipment functions with the principle of the power recirculation and commonly called FZG. The wear experiments were performed in two stages of torque: 135 N.m (running-in) and 302 N.m (steady-state) and the gears have modified profile. After the accomplishment of the experiments, was possible verify that: (1) The damaged area of flanks, due to the phenomenon of pitting, at ADI gears was bigger than AISI 8620 low-alloy steel gears. (2) The comparisons between the roughness parameter in the supply state and after each period of the experiment shows that gears with surface finish by shaving have better load distribution and minor wear. (3) Lubricant regime at pitch diameter was the boundary for both manufacture process, but the film thickness parameter λ is higher for shaved gears, making the lubricant film thickness has major value, (4) The reduction effect the resistive area of contact due the presence of the graphite nodules in the contact fatigue resistance was evidenced, however surface finishing was more relevant than the distribution and size nodules.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoCBC_DISSERT.pdf: 1858317 bytes, checksum: de7993f7a4a27b8a08342ddc43175aff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The aim of this study is to create an artificial neural network (ANN) capable of modeling the transverse elasticity modulus (E2) of unidirectional composites. To that end, we used a dataset divided into two parts, one for training and the other for ANN testing. Three types of architectures from different networks were developed, one with only two inputs, one with three inputs and the third with mixed architecture combining an ANN with a model developed by Halpin-Tsai. After algorithm training, the results demonstrate that the use of ANNs is quite promising, given that when they were compared with those of the Halp?n-Tsai mathematical model, higher correlation coefficient values and lower root mean square values were observed / Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo a cria??o de uma arquitetura de rede neural artificial (RNA) capaz de modelar o m?dulo de elasticidade transversal (E2) de comp?sitos unidirecionais. Para tanto, se fez necess?rio o uso de um conjunto de dados que foi dividido em duas partes, uma parte sendo utilizada para o treinamento e a outra para teste das RNA. Para este trabalho se desenvolveu tr?s tipos de arquiteturas de rede diferentes uma delas possuindo somente duas entradas, a outra tr?s entradas e a ?ltima foi uma arquitetura mista que combina uma RNA com um modelo desenvolvido por Halpin-Tsai. Ap?s o treinamento dos algoritmos, os resultados demonstram que o uso de RNAs se mostra bastante promissor, j? que quando esses resultados foram comparados com o modelo matem?tico de Halpin-Tsai, apresentaram maiores valores de coeficiente de correla??o e menores valores de erro m?dio quadr?tico

Aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) são uma alternativa atraente em aplicações estruturais. Devido ao baixo teor de carbono e de elementos de liga (Ni, V e Ti), os aços ARBL apresentam bons níveis de tenacidade e de resistência mecânica, além de boa soldabilidade, permitindo assim, o uso de componentes estruturais mais leves, a economia no consumo de combustível, bem como o desenvolvimento de construções ambientalmente corretas. A boa combinação de propriedades mecânicas permite que os aços ARBL sejam amplamente utilizados na construção naval, na indústria petrolífera e na indústria automotiva. Para estas aplicações, a tecnologia de soldagem é inevitável, a qual produz alterações microestruturais localizadas e redução dos níveis de resistência mecânica, tensões residuais e defeitos indesejáveis, que geram problemas potenciais de segurança e de confiabilidade. Estes defeitos de soldagem acentuam o processo de falha de fadiga, quando componentes mecânicos são submetidos a cargas cíclicas. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a influência do processo de soldagem por arco elétrico com atmosfera de proteção gasosa (GMAW) na microestrutura, propriedades mecânicas e resistência à fadiga do aço ARBL DIN EN 10149 S700MC, aplicando três velocidades de soldagem e dois diferentes metais de adição (AWS ER 70 S – 6 e AWS E 110C-G-M). Para isso, corpos de prova deste aço ARBL e juntas soldadas desses dois metais de adição foram estudadas por meio de análises microestruturais, ensaios de tração uniaxial, microdureza e ensaios de fadiga por tração uniaxial. Os resultados mostraram que a velocidade de soldagem não causou alterações significativas na microestrutura do metal de solda e da zona termicamente afetada, na microdureza e na resistência à tração, quando foi utilizado o mesmo metal de solda. Porém, maiores velocidades de soldagem causaram o aumento do defeito de mordedura. Além disso, verificou-se um aumento da vida em fadiga do componente com a diminuição da velocidade de soldagem. Quando comparadas as amostras soldadas com uma mesma velocidade de soldagem, observou-se um aumento da proporção de ferrita acicular no metal de solda, um aumento da tensão de ruptura e, consequentemente, uma melhora da vida em fadiga do componente, em função do aumento da resistência mecânica do metal de solda. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. / High strength and low alloy steels (HSLA) are attractive alternative in structural applications. Due to the low carbon and alloying elements (Ni, V and Ti) contents, HSLA steels show good levels of toughness and mechanical strength, besides good weldability, allowing use of lighter structural components, fuel economy, as well as the development of environmentally-friendly constructions and sustainable societies. The good combination of mechanical properties allows HSLA steels to be widely used in shipbuilding oil industry and automotive industry. For these applications, welding technology is inevitable, however it produces localized microstructural changes and reduction in the levels of mechanical strenght, residual stresses and undesirable defects, which generate potential problems of security and reliability. These welding defects accentuate the fatigue failure process when mechanical components are subjected to cyclic loads. In this work, the influence of the gas metal arc welding process (GMAW) on microstructure, mechanical properties and fatigue life of the HSLA DIN EN 10149 S700MC steel was studied, applying three welding speeds and two different addition metals (AWS ER 70 S-6 and AWS E 110C-G-M). For this purpose, samples of this HSLA steel and welded joints of these two addition metals were studied by microstructural analysis, uniaxial tension tests, microhardness tests and uniaxial tension fatigue tests. The results showed that the welding speed did not cause significant changes in the microstructure of the weld metal and of the heat-affected zone, in the microhardness and in the tensile strength, when the same weld metal was used. However, higher welding speeds caused the increase of the undercut defect. Besides that, an increase in fatigue life of the component with the decrease in welding speed was verified. When welded samples produced with the same welding speed were compared, an increase in the ratio of acicular ferrite in the weld metal zone, in the tensile stress and, consequently, an improvement in the fatigue life of the component was observe as a function of the increase in mechanical resistance of the weld metal.

Deux problèmes surviennent lorsque nous étudions les effets du grenaillage de précontrainte sur le processus de la fatigue. Le premier est la caractérisation des contraintes résiduelles (CR) et de l’écrouissage. Le second est l’évolution de CR et de l’écrouissage pendant le cyclage.Pour résoudre le premier problème, cette thèse propose une méthode pour mesurer les contraintes et l’écrouissage par nanoindentation. Ici, l’écrouissage est représenté par la déformation plastique cumulée (PP). A l’aide d’une série de simulations par éléments finis (MEF) en supposant le comportement du matériau connu, les réponses obtenues par indentation permettent d’obtenir simultanément contrainte et déformation plastique. Bien que satisfaisante d’un point vue numérique, les performances expérimentales obtenues sur un alliage de titane temps T40 restent insuffisantes. Cependant, si le profil de contrainte est connu, on peut toutefois obtenir le profil de déformation plastique. Les biais induits par la préparation de la surface ont été analysés en détail. Pour le second problème, une série d'essais de fatigue ont été effectués sur un alliage Ti-18. Quatre traitements ont été testés sur 100 cycles sous 3 amplitudes différentes de déformation. Des mesures par diffraction des rayons X ont montré que la relaxation des contraintes et l’adoucissement cyclique augmentent avec l'amplitude de déformation. Les essais d’indentation ont montré un adoucissement de la couche grenaillée / There are two problems when investigating the effects of shot-peening on fatigue process. The first one is characterizing residual stresses (RS) and strain hardening (WH) on the sample surface. The second one is the evolution of RS and WH during fatigue. In order to solve the first problem, this thesis proposes a “simultaneous function method” to measure RS and WH with nanoindentation. Accumulated plastic strain (PP) is used to represent WH. Then, by establishing functions of normalized indentation responses through a series of finite element method (FEM) simulations, normalized indentation responses obtained from nanoindentation experiments can be used to extract RS and PP values, assuming that the constitutive behavior is known. Although the simultaneous function method shows fairly high accuracy from a pure numerical view point, experiments performed on T40 commercial pure titanium are not completely satisfying. However, if the residual stress profile is known, the method can be used to derive the work hardening profile.In order to study the second problem, a series of strain-controlled fatigue tests are performed on Ti-18 alloy. Fatigue specimens of 4 material states, including raw, shot-peened, prestrained and prestrained + shot-peened, were tested under 3 different strain amplitudes over 100 cycles. X-ray diffraction tests on the sample surfaces showed that the RS relaxation and the cyclic softening increase together with the strain amplitude. IIT tests showed that shot-peening may induce a softening of the surface of Ti-18 alloy samples