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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Optimal design of Orthotropic Piezoelectric membranes and plates using particle swarms

Joubert, Matthew James Stuart 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the past 50 years smart materials have made their appearance in many structures. The thermopiezoelectric ceramic is one of these smart materials. When thermal e ects are considered negligible, then the materials are classified as piezo-ceramic and piezoelectric materials. These so called piezo-ceramics are used as actuator and sensor components in many structures. The use of these components with composite materials is significant due to their application in the aerospace and aeronautics fields. The interaction that the piezoelectric material has with a composite body can be improved in order to reduce the energy requirement of the material for deformation. An objective in the optimisation of composite material structures is to minimise compliance or maximise sti ness uT f, with the laminate ply orientations as design variables, where u and f are displacement and force vectors, respectively. Here, the objective is not the maximisation of sti ness but the maximisation of compliance, with typical constraints being failure criteria. These failure criteria can include theories such as the maximum principle stress, the Tsai-Hill or Tsai-Wu failure theories. The compliance is maximised to accentuate any piezoelectric movement and is for theoretical treatment only. Piezoelectric materials once polarized the materials becomes quasi-isotropic. The piezoelectric materials are isotropic in the plane normal to the direction of the voltage being applied and have altered properties normal to this plane. This change in the material properties can be exploited so that the layup can be altered in orientation to improve performance. The idea is to improve the mechanical capabilities of the structure subject to an electrical input or vice versa. In the works by both Carrera et al. and Piefort, First Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) is used in finite element analysis to characterise the structural and electrical behaviour of a plate or shell. FSDT, also known as the Mindlin-Reissner theory, is a plate bending theory that assumes a transverse shear distribution through the thickness of the plate. This theory is considered an improvement on the standard theories such as the Kircho or Timoshenko theories. Many optimisation techniques exist and are classed as either being direct search or gradient based methods. Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) is a direct search method. It mimics the behaviour of a flock of birds or school of fish in their attempt to find food. The PSO’s mathematical statement characterises a set of initial unknown particles within a designated search space that are compared to a set of local best particles and a single global best particle. This comparison is used to update the swarm each run cycle. Regression is a procedure whereby a set of testing data is used to fit a pseudo-function that represents the form the data should take in practice. The aim of this work is to optimise the piezoelectric-composite layer interaction to improve the overall compliance of a structure. Extensive modelling is performed and tested with peer reviewed literature to demonstrate its accuracy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die afgelope 50 jaar het slim materiale hulle verskyning gemaak in verskeie strukture. Termopiezo-elektriese keramieke is een van hierdie nuwe materiale. Wanneer termiese e ekte onbeduidend is, word hierdie materiale as piezo-elektriese materiale geklassifiseer. Hierdie sogenaamde piezo-keramieke word gebruik as aandrywers en sensoriese onderdele in verskeie strukture. Die kombinasie van hierdie onderdele met saamgestelde materiale het belangrike toepassings in die ruimte- en lugvaartkunde. Die interaksie van die piezo-elektriese materiale met die saamgestelde materiaal strukture kan verbeter word om die energie-vereistes van die materiaal vir vervorming te verminder. ’n Tipiese doel in die optimering van saamgestelde materiaalstrukture is om styfheid uT f te maksimeer met die gelamineerde laag-oriëntasies as ontwerpsveranderlikes, waar u en f onderskeidelik verplasing en kragvektor voorstel. In teenstelling met die optimering van die samestelling wat voorheen gedoen is, is die doel hier nie die maksimering van styfheid nie, maar die minimering van styfheid, met falingskriteria as tipiese beperkings. Die falingskriteria sluit die volgende in: die maksimum spanningsteorie, en die Tsai-Hill of Tsai-Wu falingsteorieë. Die styfheid word geminimeer om piezo-elektriese verplasing te versterk, maar word hierin net teoreties bekyk. Sodra piezo-elektriese materiale gepolariseer word, word hulle quasi-isotropies. Die piezoelektriese materiale is isotropies in die vlak gelyk aan die rigting van die stroomspanning wat daarop toegepas word en het ander eienskappe normaal tot die vlak. Die verandering in die materiaal se eienskappe kan gebruik word sodat beide die saamgestelde materiaal en die piezoelektriese laag se oriëntasie aangepas kan word vir verbeterde werkverrigting. Die idee is om die meganiese vermoëns te verbeter van ’n struktuur wat onderwerp word aan ’n elektriese inset of vice versa. In die literatuur van beide Carrera et al. en Piefort word Eerste Orde Skuifvervormings Teorie (EOST) gebruik in eindige element analises om die strukturele en elektriese gedrag van ’n plaat of dop te karakteriseer. EOST, ook bekend as Mindlin-Reissner teorie, is ’n plaat buigings-teorie wat ’n dwarsvervormingverspreiding aanneem deur die dikte van die plaat. Hierdie teorie word gesien as ’n verbetering op die standaard teorieë soos bv. Kircho of Timoshenko se teorieë. Daar bestaan baie optimeringstegnieke wat geklassifiseer word as ’direkte soek’ of ’hellinggebaseerde’ metodes. Partikel swerm-optimering (PSO) is ’n direkte soekmetode. Dit boots die gedrag van ’n swerm voëls of ’n skool visse in hulle poging om kos te vind, na. PSO se wiskundige stelling karakteriseer ’n aanvanklike stel onbekende partikels binne ’n afgebakende soekgebied wat vergelyk word met ’n stel van die beste plaaslike partikels sowel as ’n enkele beste globale partikel. Die vergelykings word gebruik om die swerm met elke siklus op te dateer. Regressie is ’n metode waarin toetsdata gebruik word om ’n benaderde funksie te konstrueer wat ongeveer voorspel hoe die regte funksie lyk. Die doel van hierdie werk is om die piezoelektriese saamgestelde laag te optimeer en die interaksie van die totale gedrag van die struktuur te verbeter. Uitgebreide modellering word uitgevoer en getoets met eweknie-beoordeelde literatuur om die akkuraatheid en korrektheid te bewys.

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