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No description available.

Rinderpest virus is an enveloped Nonsegmented Negative Stranded RNA Virus (NNSV) belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the Family Paramyxoviridae and the causative organism for “cattle plague”. The virion has a transport component and a replication component. The transport component consists of a lipid membrane with two external membrane-anchored glycoproteins, namely Hemagglutinin (H) and Fusion (F) proteins that are necessary for cell entry and release of newly formed virus particles. The replication component consists of viral genomic RNA encapsidated by the nucleoprotein (N) and a RNA polymerase complex (Large subunit L and phosphoprotein P). These two components are linked together by the matrix protein (M) that is believed to play a crucial role in the assembly and maturation of the virion particle by bringing the two major viral components together at the budding site in the host cell. To perform this function, M protein should be able to interact with the host cellular membrane, especially the plasma membrane in the case of Rinderpest virus, should be able to interact with itself to form multimers as well as with the nucleocapsid core. The function might include the interaction of M protein with the cytoplasmic tail of the other two envelope proteins namely F and H. To understand the role of matrix protein in Rinderpest virus life cycle, the following functions were characterized – 1) Matrix protein association with the host cell membrane. 2) Matrix protein association with nucleocapsid protein. Matrix protein association cellular membranes in rinderpest virus infected cells could be a result of its interaction with the cytoplasmic tails of the viral glycoproteins. Hence, this association was characterized in the absence of other viral proteins. In transiently transfected cells, M protein existed in two isoforms namely the soluble cytosolic form and membrane-bound form. The membrane-bound M protein associated stably with the membranes, most likely by a combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, which is inhibited at high salt or high pH, but not completely. Confocal microscopy analysis showed the presence of M protein in plasma membrane protrusions. When GFP was tagged with this protein, GFP was absent from nucleus and was present predominantly in the cytosol and the plasma membrane protrusions. However, M protein expression did not result in the release of membrane vesicles (Virus-like particles) into the culture supernatant implicating the requirement of other viral proteins in envelope acquisition. Matrix protein of RPV has been shown to co-sediment with nucleocapsid during mild preparation of RNP from virus-infected cells. This association was further investigated by virus solubilization. The matrix protein could be solubilised completely from virion only in the presence of detergent and high salt. This is in agreement with the previous observation from the laboratory that the purified matrix protein remained soluble in the presence of detergent and 1M NaCl. This suggested that M protein could oligomerise or associate with nucleocapsid. The purified M protein when visualized by Electron microscopy showed the presence of globular structures, which may be due to self association of M protein, which may be due to self-aggregation of M protein. The presence of GFPM in filamentous structures in transfected cells, as visualized by confocal microscopy could also be due to self-assembly of M protein. Interaction of matrix protein RPV nucleocapsid was confirmed using co- sedimentation and floatation gradient analysis. Results obtained from M-N binding assay using C-terminal deletions of nucleocapsid protein suggested that the matrix protein interacted with the conserved N-terminal core of nucleocapsid and non- conserved C-terminus 20% is dispensable. This is in agreement with the report that RPV M protein could be replaced with that of Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus(a closely related morbillivirus). The observation that the nucleocapsid protein interacts with both soluble and membrane-bound form suggests that the matrix protein can possibly interact itself to facilitate the assembly of replication component at the site of budding where the transport component is already assembled. Viral proteins of many RNA viruses interact with detergent-resistant host components that facilitate their transport inside the cell to the sits of assembly or replication. Rinderpest viral proteins acquire detergent resistance in infected cells. This acquisition is mediated by viral N protein. The relevance of this interaction in virus life cycle was studied using small molecule drugs that disrupt host cytoskeleton and lipid raft. The results obtained suggested that the host cytoskeleton, especially actin-filaments facilitate virus release from the plasma membrane. RPV matrix protein acquired detergent resistance in infected cells as well as in transfected cells. The pattern of detergent resistance suggested an association with the cytoskeleton or cytoskeleton associated proteins. However, results obtained from co-localisation studies in the presence of actin inhibitor and cold-ionic detergents are not consistent with the above observation. This property could be due to self-association of matrix protein.

Title: Dynamical behaviour of matrix proteins from Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus Author: Pavel Srb Department: Department of Low temperature physics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Jan Lang, PhD. Abstract: We studied the oligomeric properties of betaretroviral nonmyristoylated ma- trix protein (MA) and its R55F mutant from the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus in solution by means of NMR spectroscopy. We have proven that the wild- type (WT) MA forms oligomers in solution. The final model of oligomeriza- tion of the WT MA was derived by concerted use of chemical shift mapping and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy measured on a set of protein samples with varying concentrations. We found that the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus WT MA exists in a monomer-dimer-trimer equilibrium in solution. Further a combination of NMR relaxation measurements and advanced analysis of molecular dynamics simulation trajectory provided an unprecedentedly de- tailed insight into internal mobility of matrix proteins of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. Strong evidence have been obtained that the oligomerization capacity of the wild-type matrix protein is closely related to the enhanced dynamics of several parts of its backbone on a nanosecond time scale. In- creased flexibility has been observed for two regions: the loop between he- lices α2 and α3 and the C-terminal...

Le virus de la grippe A (le H1N1) pdm09, généralement connu comme le virus de la grippe porcine, a causé la toute première pandémie du 21e siècle. Le virus de grippe est un virus enveloppé à ARN qui utilise la machinerie cellulaire de l’hôte pour s’assembler à la membrane plasmique de la cellule et être relargué à l’extérieur. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de la protéine virale de matrice M1 dans ce processus. M1 est la protéine la plus abondante et elle est extrêmement importante pour le virus de la grippe. Les 164 résidus de la protéine M1 situés en N-terminal comprennent deux domaines basiques qui sont : le triplet d’arginine (R76/77/78) sur l'hélice 5 et le signal de localisation nucléaire sur l'hélice 6. Ils sont très bien conservés parmi les sous types de la grippe. Premièrement, pour étudier l'interaction M1-membrane, nous avons développé et standardisé un système minimal regroupant M1+M2+NS1/NEP (±M) dans lequel nous pourrons aussi observer la production de VLPs incorporant M1. En utilisant ce système, nous avons créé des mutations dans le triplet d’arginine de M1 et avons regardé l'accrochage de M1 à la membrane ainsi que l'incorporation de M1 dans les VLPs. La conséquence de ces mutations est que la protéine M1 reste dans le cytosol et qu’il y a une réduction drastique du nombre de VLPs contenant M1 relargués. La mutation du triplet arginine par un triplet alanine inhibe complètement la production de VLPs. De plus, un virus mutant avec ce triplet d’alanine n’est plus capable de produire des virions infectieux. Ainsi nous avons mis en évidence l'importance du triplet arginine dans l'accrochage de M1 à la membrane et la production de virions. Par conséquent, pour étudier l’utilisation de l'actine et de ses cofacteurs par le virus, nous avons utilisé de petits ARN interférents pour inhiber l’expression de gènes dans un système minimal de production de VLPs. Nous avons observé une réduction de la production de VLPs contenant M1 en inhibant Rac1et une augmentation de la libération de VLPs contenant M1 en inhibant RhoA et Cdc42. En utilisant un virus IAV (H3N2)-nanoluciferase sur les cellules A549 pulmonaires, nous avons étudié l'effet de la déplétion des RhoGTPases et de leurs effecteurs sur la production virale. Nous avons observé qu'avec Rac1, l'inhibition de Wave2 et Arp3 réduit aussi le pouvoir infectieux du virus H3N2 au cours des étapes tardives de l'infection sans affecter la phase précoce de d'infection. Les protéines interagissant avec M1 ont été identifiées par LC-MS/MS et incluent la cofiline et l’annexine A2. La cofiline, déjà connue pour participer à la réorganisation de l’actine pendant la phase tardive de l’infection par le virus de la grippe, est aussi un effecteur activé par Rac1, Wave2, Pak1 et LIMK afin de former des lamellipodes. L’annexine A2 est aussi connue pour séquestrer la PS au niveau du feuillet interne de la membrane plasmique cellulaire. La reconnaissance de ces groupes de PS par la protéine virale M1 amorcera finalement le processus d’assemblage viral. Ainsi, nos résultats, en décrivant le mécanisme d'accrochage de M1 à la membrane, montrent aussi que Rac1, Wave2 et Arp3 sont probablement des facteurs pro-viraux de l’assemblage et de la libération des virus de la grippe A. / The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, commonly known as swine flu, caused the very first pandemic of 21st century. Influenza virus, an enveloped RNA virus, uses the host cellular machinery for its assembly and release from the host cell plasma membrane. In this study, we were interested in the role of the viral M1 matrix protein in this process. M1 is the most abundant and vitally important protein present in influenza virus. The N-terminal 164 residues of M1 protein comprise of two basic domains which are the arginine triplet (R76/77/78) on helix 5 and the nuclear localization signal on helix 6, which are very well conserved among the influenza A virus subtypes. Firstly, to study M1-membrane interaction, we developed and standardized a minimal system consisting of M1+M2+NS1/NEP(±M) in which we could also observe production of VLPs incorporating M1. Using this system, we performed mutations in the M1 arginine triplet and looked at changes in M1 membrane attachment and M1 incorporation in VLP. As a result of these mutations, the M1 protein remained cytosolic and there was a drastic reduction in M1 containing VLP release. Mutating the entire arginine triplet to an alanine triplet inhibited VLP production completely. Also, a mutant virus with this alanine triplet failed completely to produce infectious virions. Thus we established the importance of the arginine triplet in M1 membrane attachment and virion production. Consequently, to study manipulation of actin and its cofactors by the virus, we used siRNA mediated gene silencing in the VLP producing minimal system. We observed a reduction in M1 containing VLP production upon inhibition of Rac1 and enhancement of M1 containing VLPs released upon inhibition of RhoA and Cdc42. By using an IAV (H3N2)-nanoluciferase virus on pulmonary A549 cells, we studied effect of depletion of RhoGTPases and their effectors on virus production. We observed that along with Rac1, inhibition of Wave2 and Arp3 also reduces the infectivity of H3N2 virus at the late phase of infection without any effect on the early phase of infection. The proteins interacting with M1 were identified by LC-MS/MS and included cofilin and annexin A2. Cofilin, already known to take part in the actin reorganization during the late phase of influenza A virus infection, is also one of the downstream effector linked to Rac1, Wave2, Pak1 and LIMK, for lamellipodia formation. Annexin A2 is also known to sequester PS at the inner leaflet of the cell plasma membrane. The viral protein M1 is able to recognize these clusters of PS, which ultimately initiates the viral assembly process. Thus, our results, while defining the mechanism of M1 membrane attachment, also indicate the possible involvement of Rac1, Wave2 and Arp3 as pro-viral factors in IAV assembly and release.

Lors de la réplication du virus de la grippe, la protéine de matrice M1 prend part au transport des complexes vRNP. Elle interagit également avec les queues cytoplasmiques des protéines virales membranaires et la membrane plasmique de la cellule hôte au site d'assemblage, et est responsable de la structure de la particule virale. Le domaine N-terminal de M1, composé des 164 premiers acides aminés, possède deux motifs basiques exposés : un signal de localisation nucléaire (NLS, 101-105) sur l'hélice 6 et un triplet d'arginines (76-78) sur l'hélice 5. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier (1) le rôle de ce domaine basique, en comparaison avec le NLS, dans l'accrochage membranaire de M1 et dans l'assemblage du virus de la grippe A/H1N1pdm2009 et (2) de définir dans notre système expérimental cellulaire les protéines virales requises pour la production de VLP (Virus Like Particles) de la grippe contenant M1. In vitro, par des tests de cosédimentation de protéines recombinantes M1 (domaine N-terminal) sauvages ou mutées avec des LUVs (Large Unilamellar Vesicles) contenant des lipides chargés négativement, il fut possible d'observer que les domaines basiques (NLS et triplet d'arginines) sont impliqués dans l'interaction M1-membranes biomimétiques, via une interaction électrostatique entre M1 et les lipides chargés négativement (comme la PS). In cellulo, nous avons pu observer que M1, lorsqu'elle est exprimée seule, ne s'accroche pas de manière efficace à la membrane. Par contre, lorsque M2 et NS1/NEP sont coexprimées, la fraction de M1 liée aux membranes est dix fois plus importante. De plus, la coexpression de M1, M2 et NS1/NEP nous permet d'observer la production de VLP par Western blot et AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), même en absence des glycoprotéines d'enveloppe HA et NA. Par mutagenèse dirigée, nous avons pu observer que les résidus chargés négativement de la queue cytoplasmique de M2 sont nécessaires à la localisation membranaire de M1 et à la production de VLP, comme décrits dans la littérature. De manière intéressante, quand un mutant du triplet d'arginines est exprimé, il y a trois fois moins de M1 accrochée aux membranes (M1 reste cytosolique), et la production de VLP est fortement diminuée. Un mutant du NLS diminue également l'accrochage membranaire de M1 mais seulement de 10%. Ces domaines basiques, et plus particulièrement le triplet d'arginines, semblent donc être impliqués dans des interactions électrostatiques entre M1 et les lipides chargés de la membrane, ou M1 et les résidus chargés de la queue cytoplasmique de M2, ou les deux. L'ensemble de ces travaux apporte une nouvelle vision moléculaire de l'assemblage du virus de la grippe A/H1N1. / The M1 matrix protein, lying beneath the viral lipid envelop, plays many roles in influenza virus assembly. Not only it structures the viral particle but it also associates to the vRNP complexes in the nucleus and it supposedly binds to the cell plasma membrane and to the cytoplasmic tails of the viral membrane proteins at the assembly site. M1 N-terminal domain, composed of 164 amino acids, exhibits two basic domains: the NLS (Nuclear Localization Signal) on helix 6 and a triplet of arginines on helix 5. We decided to investigate the role of those basic domains regarding the molecular assembly mechanism of the influenza A/H1N1pdm2009 virus and the attachment of M1 at the cell membrane. In vitro, we observed that when the triplet of arginines is mutated, the percentage of M1 bound to LUVs (Large Unilamellar Vesicles) containing negatively charged lipids decreases, as it is the case for a full mutant of the NLS motif. In cellulo, by using cellular fractionation, membrane flotation assays, and immunofluorescence microscopy, we observed that when expressed alone, M1 is poorly bound to the cellular membranes whereas in the presence of NS1/NEP (Non Structural protein 1 and Nuclear Export Protein) and M2 viral proteins, the M1 membrane bound fraction is increased by 10 times. M2 appears to be essential for M1 membrane localization. In order to decipher the mechanism, we used directed site mutagenesis of M1 and M2. When we mutated some negatively charged residues of the M2 cytoplasmic tail, we no longer observed either the localization of M1 at the cell membrane or VLP (Virus Like Particles) production, in agreement with the literature. In addition, when we mutated the M1 arginine triplet, M1 remained cytosolic and VLP production was almost completely abolished, even when M2 and NS1/NEP were coexpressed. Whereas a mutant of the arginine triplet decreases by 20% the percentage of M1 attached to cellular membranes, a mutant of the NLS has a mild effect (10% of decrease is observed). Thus, M1 basic domains, particularly the arginine triplet, can trigger electrostatic interactions between M1 and the lipids, or M1 and the cytoplasmic tail of M2, or both, at the viral assembly site. These results highlight the molecular mechanism of A/H1N1 influenza virus assembly.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19396号 / 医博第4047号 / 新制||医||1012(附属図書館) / 32421 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 野田 亮, 教授 萩原 正敏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Knee pain can alter lower-extremity neuromechanics and often results in functional disability. The relationship between lower-extremity neuromechanical alterations, due to anterior knee pain, and articular cartilage condition is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the independent effect of anterior knee pain during running on articular cartilage condition, as reflected by serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentrations and muscle cocontraction duration. Seven men and five women completed a 30-min run in three different sessions: control (no infusion), sham (isotonic saline infusion), and pain (hypertonic saline infusion). Saline was infused into the right infrapatellar fat pad for the duration of the run. Subject-perceived pain was recorded every 3 min on a 100-mm visual analog scale. During the run, bilateral electromyography was recorded for five leg muscles, and heel and toe markers were used to track foot position. During the 30-min run of the pain session average subject-perceived pain was 27.8 (SD = 2.3 mm) and 19.7 (SD = 1.9) mm greater than during the control (0.0 mm) and sham (8.1 mm) session, respectively (p < 0.01). Knee pain while running did not result in changes in muscular cocontraction duration (p = 0.13). Blood samples were drawn prior to the run, immediately following the run, and 60 min following the run. Samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosortbent assay to determine serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentration. Average serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentration was 14% greater at immediate post run (132.19 ± 158.61 ng/ml; Range = 22.61-290.81 ng/ml) relative to pre run (116.02 ± 118.87 ng/ml; Range = 19.81-234.89 ng/ml) (p < 0.01), and 18% less at 60 min post run (108.45 ± 171.78 ng/ml; Range = 20.84-280.23 ng/ml) relative to immediate post run (Figure 4; p < 0.01). Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein did not significantly differ between baseline and 60 min post-exercise (p = 0.29). There was not a difference in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentration between sessions. Knee pain while running does not cause an increase in serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentration (p = 0.29). There are two important findings from this study. First, anterior knee pain during a 30 min running session does not appear to independently affect cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentrations. This implies other factors, aside from anterior knee pain alone, influence articular cartilage degradation during movement that occurs while individuals are experiencing anterior knee pain. Second, the present experimental anterior knee pain model can be used to evaluate the independent effects of anterior knee pain over an extended duration while subjects perform a dynamic activity like running.

<p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder causing chronic disability in the world population. By the year 2030, an estimated one fifth of this population will be affected by OA. Although OA is regarded as a multi-factorial disorder with both environmental and genetic components, the exact pathogenesis remains unknown. </p><p> In this study, we hypothesize that biomarkers associated with OA can be used as quantitative traits of OA, and provide enough power to identify new genes or replicate known gene associations for OA. We established an extensive family called the CARRIAGE (CARolinas Region Interaction of Aging, Genes and Environment) family. Then, we measured and analyzed seven OA-related biomarkers (HA, COMP, PIIANP, CPII, C2C, hs-CRP and GSP) in this extensive family to evaluate their association with OA clinical phenotypes. These findings suggest that OA biomarkers can reflect hand OA in this large multigenerational family. Therefore, we performed nonparametric variance components analysis to evaluate heritability for quantitative traits for those biomarkers. Finally, based upon OA biomarkers with high heritability, we performed a genome-wide linkage scan. Our results provide the first evidence of genetic susceptibility loci identified by OA-related biomarkers, indicating several genetic loci potentially contributing to the genetic diversity of OA. </p><p> Meanwhile, we identified joint hypermobility as a factor which reduces OA risk and has an inverse association with serum COMP levels in this family. The relationship between lower serum COMP and OA have been further validated in another Caucasian GOGO (Genetics of Generalized Osteoarthritis) population. Therefore, we further hypothesize that joint hypermobility, having the characteristic of a decreased OA risk, can serve as a quantitative trait for identifying protective loci for OA. Then, we performed nonparametric variance components analysis to evaluate the heritability of joint hypermobility. The result also shows joint hypermobility has substantial heritable components in this family. Lastly, based on the same genome-wide linkage scan, we identify genetic susceptibility loci for joint hypermobility. </p><p> In conclusion, our work provides the first linkage study to identify genetic loci associated with OA using biological markers. Furthermore, we have also shown genetic susceptibility loci for joint hypermobility, possibly implying protective loci for OA.</p> / Dissertation

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo clínico controlado e randomizado de boca-dividida foi fazer uma comparação entre a técnica cirúrgica convencional (TCC) e a técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva (TCMI) no tratamento regenerativo de lesões de bifurcação classe II e III utilizando osso anorgânico bovino (OAB) e matriz derivada do esmalte (MDE). Materiais e Métodos: Foram selecionados 15 pacientes com lesões bilaterais de bifurcação. Os 15 pares de lesões de bifurcação foram designados e tratados aleatoriamente no grupo teste (TCMI), e as leões de bifurcação contralaterais no grupo controle (TCC). Ambos os grupos foram tratados com a associação de OAB e MDE. Os critérios primários de avaliação foram centrados na percepção dos pacientes com relação a dor, desconforto, edema, hematoma, hipersensibilidade radicular e interferência nas atividades diárias. Esses dados foram avaliados por uma escala milimétrica de 0 a 100 mm (Visual Analogue Scale - VAS), 7 dias após os procedimentos cirúrgicos. Os parâmetros clínicos e radiográficos (subtração radiográfica) foram os critérios secundários de avaliação. Os parâmetros clínicos considerados foram: profundidade de sondagem (PS); nível clínico de inserção vertical (NCIV); nível clínico de inserção horizontal do defeito (NCIH); e retração gengival (RG). As medidas foram realizadas antes dos procedimentos cirúrgicos e 6 meses após os mesmos. Resultados: A análise dos parâmetros centrados no paciente demonstrou que, com maior frequência, o grupo controle apresentou mais dor e desconforto, maior edema, hematoma, hipersensibilidade radicular e interferência nas atividades diárias quando comparado ao grupo teste, apesar de não apresentar diferença estatisticamente significativa (p > 0.05). Entretanto, pode-se afirmar que existe uma tendência estatística de o grupo teste apresentar menor dor (p = 0.679), desconforto (p = 0.679), hematoma (p = 0.567) e edema (p = 0.130) quando comparado ao grupo controle. Ambos os grupos apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o baseline e após 6 meses no ganho do NCIH (análise intragrupo). Os parâmetros clínicos e radiográficos não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa intergrupos no baseline e após 6 meses. Conclusão: Considerando os resultados obtidos com os parâmetros centrados no paciente e os dados clínicos, a técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva parece apresentar um potencial promissor. E deve ser indicada com o intuito de proporcionar maior conforto para os nossos pacientes. / Aim: The aim of this randomized, controlled, clinical study was to compare a conventional surgical technique (CST) and minimally invasive surgical technique (MIST) in the regenerative treatment of mandibular furcation defects. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with bilateral mandibular class II and III furcation defects were selected, treated and randomly assigned to the test group (MIST), and contralateral furcation defects were assigned to the control group (CST). Both groups were treated with the combination of anorganic bovine bone (ABB) and enamel matrix proteins (EMD), in the same day. The primary outcomes were patient-based outcomes (PBOs) regarding pain, discomfort, edema, hematoma, root hypersensitivity and daily activities interference. These data were recorded using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 7 days after surgery. Secondary outcomes were assessed by clinical parameters and digital subtraction radiography, at baseline and 6 months after surgeries. The clinical parameters considered were: pocket probing depth (PPD), vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL), horizontal clinical attachment level (HCAL), and gingival recession (GR). Digital subtraction radiography was used to analyse radiographic density changes that occurred in the furcation area following treatment. Results: Patient-centered parameters evidenced more pain and discomfort, increased edema, hematoma, hypersensitivity and root interference in daily activities for control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the test and control groups (p > 0,05). Nevertheless, statistical data suggest that there are tendencies of CST causing more pain (p = 0.679), discomfort (p = 0.679), hematoma (p = 0.567) and edema (p = 0.130). Class II furcation defects presented a gain in HCAL after 6 months of 2.10 ± 2.09 mm and 1.90 ± 1.90 mm for control and test groups, respectively. No statistical significant differences were reached for PPD, GR and VCAL after 6 months. Digital subtraction radiography analysis revealed an increase in radiographic density after 6 months. Conclusion: Considering PBOs and clinical parameters outcomes, minimally invasive surgical technique appears to offer a promising potential. Both surgical techniques provided equivalent clinical outcomes however MIST may provide greater comfort to our patients.