Les bracovirus forment une symbiose avec les guêpes parasitoïdes, demeurant dans leur génome et produits uniquement dans leurs ovaires. Nous avons caractérisé comment les cercles d’ADNdb contenu dans les particules étaient amplifiés depuis leur forme provirale avant leur encapsidation.Nous avons montré que le site d’intégration du génome viral est conservé chez les bracovirus et organisé dans le génome de la guêpe en un macrolocus regroupant la majorité des segments proviraux et 7 loci isolés. Nous avons mis en évidence 12 unités de réplication (UR) et que les 9 gènes viraux du cluster nudiviral étaient amplifiés sur une UR sans être encapsidés. Nous avons identifié des concatémères tête-tête et queue-queue comme étant les intermédiaires de réplication des UR, caractéristiques d’une réplication linéaire du génome viral. Enfin, nous avons montré que l’ADN polymérase B2 appartenait à un élément Maverick. L’absence de gènes viraux de la réplication du génome viral semble indiquer que la machinerie réplicative cellulaire serait impliquée. Il reste maintenant à mettre en évidence les différents facteurs cellulaires participant à l’amplification du génome viral. / Bracovirus form a symbiosis with parasitoid wasp, remaining in their genome and products only in their ovaries. We characterized how packaged dsDNA circles were amplified from their proviral genome before packaging in viral particles.We showed that viral genome integration site is conserved in bracovirus and organized in the wasp genome in a macrolocus where the majority of proviral segments was found and 7 isolated loci. We showed 12 replication units (UR) and the 9 nudiviral genes from cluster were amplified on a UR without being packaged. We identified concatemers head-head and tail-tail as the replication intermediates of UR, indicating a linear replication of the viral genome. Finally, we showed that DNA polymerase B2 belonged to a Maverick element.The absence of viral gene involved in the genome replication suggests that the cellular replication machinery is involved. It remains to highlight the different cellular factors involved in the amplification of the viral genome.

Sandstone units of the Upper Cretaceous San Miguel Formation in South Texas are wave-dominated deltaic sequences deposited during a major marine transgression. San Miguel sediments were deposited in the Maverick Basin within the Rio Grande Embayment. Cross sections and sandstone maps reveal that during deposition of the San Miguel Formation, the Maverick Basin consisted of two subbasins. A western subbasin received sediments from the northwest; the eastern subbasin received sediments from the north. Net-sandstone patterns show that the thickest parts of the sandstone bodies are generally strike oriented; where not eroded, updip sand-feeder systems are indicated by dip-aligned components. The San Miguel deltas vary considerably in morphology and make up a spectrum of wave-dominated delta types. Modern analogs of these San Miguel deltas include the Rhone, Nile, Sao Francisco, Brazos, Danube, Kelantan, and Grijalva deltas. Final sandstone geometries depended on three primary factors: (1) rate of sediment input, (2) wave energy, and (3) rate of sea-level change. Delta morphology was determined by all three factors, but the degree of reworking of deltaic sediments after delta abandonment was determined by wave energy and rate of transgression. The most common vertical sequences in the San Miguel coarsen upward from silt and clay to fine sand. Burrows are the dominant structures. The few primary structures are of small scale; large-scale cross beds are observed only in outcrop. Strandplain or barrier-island facies sequences, which prevail in most wave-dominated deltaic deposits, are incomplete in the San Miguel. In most places, only the lower shoreface is preserved. The upper parts of the sequences, which normally bear large-scale primary structures, were lost by marine reworking during subsequent transgressions. Intense burrowing destroyed any primary structures at the tops of the truncated sequences. Most of the San Miguel sandstones are arkoses. Cements include sparry and poikilotopic calcite, quartz overgrowths, feldspar overgrowths, illite rims, and kaolinite. The primary destroyers of porosity are the two types of calcite cement, which tend to completely cement the coarsest, best sorted, and originally most porous zones of the San Miguel vertical sequences. Zones of secondary porosity resulted from leaching of shell material, calcite cement, and feldspars. Laterally, the zones of either high secondary porosity or calcite cementation are unpredictable. / text

Presented work deals with the strain-stress analysis of a spinal segment while monitoring the influence of total disk replacement Maverick on the global behaviour of the spinal segment. It also assesses the influence of this implant on the nearest upper intervertebral disk. On the basis of CT images was in the program Rhinoceros created the geometry model of spinal segment Th12-L2. The geometry model of implant was applied between vertebra L1 and L2 instead of intervertebral disk from which the whole core was removed, while in the immediate surrounding of implant the part of disk was left, which is important from the view of stability. Subsequently were in the program Ansys Workbench created finite element models for two states: - healthy (unbroken) status - status with applied implant Then the calculations for movements were realized: lateral flexion, flexion, extension, rotation. For the same movements were realized calculations of the model simulated spinal fusion of the vertebras L1-L2. Finally an influence both of methods (total disk replacement, spinal fusion) on the intervertebral disk Th12-L1 was compared.

Pre-existing structural elements can have substantial effects on fracture and fault development in younger strata, especially in areas that undergo significant changes in tectonic setting due to reactivation along older structures. This may affect reservoir permeability, yet remain difficult to detect in subsurface data. The focus of this study centers on two styles of pre-existing structures—Paleozoic thrust belts and Late Triassic rift faults in the Devils River Uplift and Maverick Basin, respectively—which affect the development of faults and fractures in Cretaceous strata. Fault and fracture data were characterized in both the outcrop and within a 3D seismic volume. Furthermore, the role of mechanical stratigraphy on fault and fracture style in both localities was examined. The Pecos River Canyon overlies the Paleozoic Ouachita fold-thrust belt with associated EW and SE-NW trending structures. At the surface, faults are expressed in two predominant orientations (N38E and N70E), which may be predictable angles if the pre-existing structures are reactivated by left lateral oblique slip. Detailed investigation of the fracture development related to these faults was conducted in a dry side canyon along the Pecos River. Mechanical layers were identified and mapped in outcrop to highlight fracture intensity variations between the different layers. The porosity and/or the degree of dolomitization are identified as controls on fracture development, with the lowest strength layer and least fractured being highly dolomitized with the largest porosity of any observed layer in outcrop. Southeast of Lewis Canyon, a 3D seismic of the Maverick Basin reveals linear discontinuities, interpreted as low-offset faults, within the Cretaceous Glen Rose through Austin Chalk that appear similar to those observed in outcrop along the Lower Pecos River. These faults are shown to have an increase in intensity within strata above older Late Triassic-age rift faults. It is proposed that the small faults form during reactivation of the rift faults and exhibit differential degrees of intensity and vertical terminations against six identified mechanical boundaries observed within the 3D seismic volume. / text

Purchasing has gone from an administrative task to a strategic activity. As such, firms adopt purchasing as a corporate function to set up rules and processes in order to standardize how purchasing is to be carried out by business units. This has the benefit of consolidating spend towards a fewer number of suppliers to be used throughout the entire organization and achieve great cost savings on a corporate level. Not complying to these rules and processes, however, will offset the benefits associated with strategic purchasing. A consequence of non-compliance is a large supply base which should not be the case if established processes are followed. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the procurement process of a Swedish multinational organization in a case study setting, which applies strategic purchasing whilst reporting a large supply base. Hence, the authors aim to identify the main challenge in the procurement process. Additionally, this thesis seeks to find an explanation to the challenge by identifying the underlying contributing factors. The main challenge was discovered to be Maverick Buying, a phenomenon limited in research. Maverick Buying is the off-contract purchasing of goods and services and therefore bypass established processes, rules, and selected suppliers. At the case company four forms of Maverick Buying was found where the underlying factors contributing to them were communication, structures, purchasing tools, involvement, control mechanisms, and lack of understanding the procurement process. This thesis contributes to a greater understanding of the phenomenon and what causes its existence. / Inköp har gått från att vara en administrativ uppgift till att vara en strategisk uppgift. Därför inkluderas numera inköp som en funktion på koncernnivå hos företag för att utveckla och implementera en standardiserad process för hur inköp skall utföras genom hela företaget. Standardisering av inköp medför fördelen av att inköpskostnader konsolideras mot ett få antal leverantörer och därmed leder till stora kostnadsbesparingar på koncernnivå. Däremot, om inköp sker utanför den standardiserade inköpsprocessen kan fördelarna med strategiskt inköp aldrig att realiseras. Konsekvenserna blir därmed en större bas av leverantörer, vilket är motsatsen till om den tänkta inköpsprocessen hade följts. Syftet med denna uppsats är att, genom en fallstudie, undersöka inköpsprocessen hos ett svenskt multinationellt företag som utövar strategiskt inköp men samtidigt redovisar en stor bas av leverantörer. Författarnas mål är därmed att identifiera det huvudsakliga problemet i inköpsprocessen. Uppsatsen försöker även att finna förklaringar för varför problemet existerar samt de underliggande anledningarna till dessa förklaringarna. Författarna fann att det största problemet med inköpsprocessen var Maverick Buying, ett fenomen med begränsad forskning. Maverick Buying innebär att inköp av varor och tjänster sker utanför förhandlade leverantörskontrakt och etablerade inköpsprocesser. Specifikt hittade författarna fyra olika former av Maverick Buying, där de underliggande anledningarna var kommunikation, kontrollmekanismer och bristande förståelse för inköpsprocessen. Uppsatsen adderar till samt utvecklar förståelsen av fenomenet Maverick Buying och vad som orsakar det.