Personality is powerfully predictive of behavior. Neuroticism, a personality trait from the Five Factor Model of Personality, has repeatedly been linked to relationship dissatisfaction and an increased susceptibility to eating disorders. The present investigation uses two large data sets to determine if Maximizing, the tendency to search for the very best option in an array of options, is related to marital satisfaction and body-image. Statistical analyses show that maximizers of both sexes diet more frequently, are more dissatisfied with their bodies, and value physical attractiveness in a sexual partner more than satisficers. Maximizers are less satisfied with their romantic relationships, are more likely to never marry, and more likely to get divorced once married than satisficers. Unpredicted, Maximizing was negatively correlated with Neuroticism (r = -.112, p < .01) and positively correlated with two personality traits known to be beneficial for relationships, Agreeableness (r = .182, p < .01) and Conscientiousness (r = .258, p < .01). / text

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Nessa dissertação estudamos Sistemas Dinâmicos do ponto de vista da Otimização Ergódica. Analizamos o problema da maximização da integral de potenciais com respeito a probabilidades invariantes pela dinâmica. Mostramos que toda medida ergódica e unicamente maximizante para algum potencial. Verificamos que o conjunto de potenciais com exatamente uma medida maximizadora e residual. Esses resultados são obtidos atrav es de técnicas da Teoria Ergódica e Análise Convexa. / In this thesis we study dynamical systems trough the viewpoint of ergodic optimization. We analyze the problem of maximizing integrals of potentials with respect to invariant probabilities. We show that every ergodic measure is uniquely maximizing for some potential. We also verify that the set of potentials with exactly one maximizing measure is residual. This results are obtained through techniques of ergodic theory and convex analysis.

There isn¡¦t any clear definition on the discussion of Local Democracy. There are some similar concepts that are easily confused with us, such as local government, local autonomy, localism, and local democracy¡Ketc. Therefore, it¡¦s necessary to clear and find out the relationship among them. In addition, the dichotomy of democracy in the UK polity is particularly conspicuous in relation to local government. Consequently, The challenge is that how we apply the theories to the reality. I will use the approach of historical institutionalism to illustrate the development of UK local democracy. Meanwhile, it¡¦s reasonable to base a normative theory of local government or local democracy on the concept of ¡¥limited democracy.¡¦ In the light of the complexity of local government levels, I will focus my study on England. Case study and document analysis will be the research method of this essay. The process of history should be included six stages. I will make a brief analysis on the institution, actors, and events of each stage. After that, I will synthesize the path and its relationship with the change of voters¡¦ attitudes. The research results included: As for UK polity, although local democracy is the catch phrase of New Labour¡¦s programme for local government, it should not be an unfamiliar concept. The concept of local democracy doesn¡¦t necessarily equate to local autonomy; to some extent, the interdependence between them cannot be ignored. The path of UK local democracy tends to step from the theoretical model of localism to economy and efficiency. When we observe the low turnout of UK local election recent years, the voters¡¦ apathy has been a social normal phenomenon. The reality seems to undermine the immutable and sacrosanct place for democracy in the institutions of local government. However, are the things ostensibly unreasonable really bad? From the enlightenment of the approach of historical institutionalism, the voters have been incorporated into UK polity. Under the constraint of UK polity, they play the role of ¡¥maximizing satisfiers¡¦, unless major issues. In a word, if we want to learn from the lesson of UK local democracy, we have to rethink it again and again. And then, we may have an audit of the health of local democracy in Britain

Nessa dissertação estudamos Sistemas Dinâmicos do ponto de vista da Otimização Ergódica. Analizamos o problema da maximização da integral de potenciais com respeito a probabilidades invariantes pela dinâmica. Mostramos que toda medida ergódica e unicamente maximizante para algum potencial. Verificamos que o conjunto de potenciais com exatamente uma medida maximizadora e residual. Esses resultados são obtidos atrav es de técnicas da Teoria Ergódica e Análise Convexa. / In this thesis we study dynamical systems trough the viewpoint of ergodic optimization. We analyze the problem of maximizing integrals of potentials with respect to invariant probabilities. We show that every ergodic measure is uniquely maximizing for some potential. We also verify that the set of potentials with exactly one maximizing measure is residual. This results are obtained through techniques of ergodic theory and convex analysis.

Do maximizers maximize across decision domains? An assumption underlying the literature on maximizing is that the tendency to strive to make the best choice spans domains. The current research provides a direct test of this assumption by examining the association between trait maximizing and domain-specific maximizing, consisting of maximizing measures in a wide range of decisions (consumer goods, services and experiences, and life decisions). Study 1 tested this association at two different time points in order to minimize common method bias. Study 2 was a highpowered pre-registered cross-sectional replication. Results of both studies showed that trait maximizing was associated with higher maximizing tendencies across all three decision domains. However, in line with prior research suggesting that people generally maximize less in experiential than in material domains, trait maximizing was associated with maximizing in services and experiences significantly less than with maximizing in consumer goods or in life decisions. These results provide empirical support for a central tenet of maximizing theory and suggest useful directions for future research.

Nessa dissertação estudamos Sistemas Dinâmicos do ponto de vista da Otimização Ergódica. Analizamos o problema da maximização da integral de potenciais com respeito a probabilidades invariantes pela dinâmica. Mostramos que toda medida ergódica e unicamente maximizante para algum potencial. Verificamos que o conjunto de potenciais com exatamente uma medida maximizadora e residual. Esses resultados são obtidos atrav es de técnicas da Teoria Ergódica e Análise Convexa. / In this thesis we study dynamical systems trough the viewpoint of ergodic optimization. We analyze the problem of maximizing integrals of potentials with respect to invariant probabilities. We show that every ergodic measure is uniquely maximizing for some potential. We also verify that the set of potentials with exactly one maximizing measure is residual. This results are obtained through techniques of ergodic theory and convex analysis.

Are maximizers less satisfied with their choices than satisficers? This research provides a novel perspective on this question by distinguishing between two types of consumer goals: autotelic, when choice is a goal in itself, and instrumental, when a choice is a means to achieving other goals. Study 1 showed that maximizers value autotelic experiences more than satisficers. Study 2 experimentally manipulated the choice goal and found that maximizers compared to satisficers experience higher choice satisfaction when the choice goal is autotelic rather than instrumental. Additionally, evidence is provided for the underlying mechanism (perceived ease of choice) as well as downstream consequences (consumers' willingness to pay for their chosen option). These findings advance a conceptualization of maximizers as consumers seeking self-contained meaning in choice and provide new insights into the relation between maximizing and choice satisfaction. Theoretical and practical implications for consumer decision-making are discussed.