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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Rezende de Barros - 2016.pdf: 5601059 bytes, checksum: 953996d14e3ede469126893d305e59ce (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Modern agriculture requires productivity, efficiency and quality. Therefore, there is need for the application of agricultural lime to correct the soil acidity. The Midwest was appointed as the largest producer of agricultural limestone, with 38.2% and Goiás and holder of 11.6%. In limestone beneficiation process is the generation of fine material (through in # 400 (0.035 mm)), which does not have economic viability in the agricultural, metallurgical and calcination. This is because this particle size of particle decreases the percolation of gas in blast furnaces and has slow settling when used in agriculture, can be transported by wind generating environmental liabilities. Briquetting is to agglomeration of fine particles by pressure, aided or not by a binder, allowing obtaining not only compacts, but with size, shape and mechanical parameters. The objective of this study was to investigate the binding of fine limestone through briquetting through use of a specific type known to have very fine grained (<0.075 mm) using organic and inorganic binders. Agglomeration of fine limestone through the briquetting was conducted by varying the amounts of water (used as inorganic binding agent) 0; 5; 7.5; 10; 12.5% and 2.5; 5; 7.5 and 8.5% organic binders - Molasses Soy and Treacle of cane sugar. The limestone powder and briquettes were analyzed chemically and physically by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS), chemical and particle size analysis. The briquettes were subjected to impact resistance test, resistance to breakdown in water and compressive strength. The best results in impact resistance tests were analyzed and from these results of other tests were performed. The results of mechanical impact resistance were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA), checking if the binder content and factors influenced the agglomeration of the mineral. In addition to lowering the environmental liabilities, the briquettes will also generate profits for the mining industry and can offer a co-product with similar characteristics to the product originally marketed. / A agricultura moderna exige produtividade, eficiência e qualidade. Por isso, há necessidade da aplicação do calcário agrícola para corrigir a acidez dos solos. O Centro- Oeste foi apontado como o maior produtor de calcário agrícola, com 38,2% e Goiás sendo detentor de 11,6%. No processo de beneficiamento do calcário ocorre a geração de material fino (passante em 400# (0,035 mm)), que não possui viabilidade econômica nos setores agrícola, metalúrgico e de calcinação. Isso ocorre porque essa granulometria de partícula diminui a percolação de gases nos altos-fornos e possui sedimentação lenta quando empregada na agricultura, podendo ser transportada pelo vento gerando passivo ambiental. A briquetagem consiste na aglomeração de partículas finas através de pressão, auxiliada ou não por aglutinantes, permitindo obtenção de produtos não só compactados, porém com forma, tamanho e parâmetros mecânicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a aglomeração dos finos de calcário por meio da briquetagem através aproveitamento de um tipo específico conhecido por possuir granulometria bastante fina (< 0,075 mm) utilizando aglomerantes orgânicos e inorgânicos. A aglomeração dos finos de calcário através da briquetagem, foi realizada variando as dosagens de água (utilizada como agente aglomerante inorgânico) de 0; 5; 7,5; 10; 12,5% e 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 8,5% de aglomerantes orgânicos – Melaço de Soja e Melado de Cana-de-açúcar. O calcário em pó e os briquetes foram analisados química e fisicamente por meio de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDS), análises química e granulométrica. Os briquetes foram submetidos a testes de resistência ao impacto, resistência à decomposição em água e resistência a compressão. Os melhores resultados obtidos no teste de resistência ao impacto foram analisados e a partir desses resultados foram realizados os demais testes. Os resultados de resistência mecânica ao impacto foram analisados estatisticamente através da análise de variância (ANOVA), verificando se os fatores aglomerantes e teor influenciaram na aglomeração do mineral. Além de diminuir o passivo ambiental, os briquetes também irão gerar lucros para a indústria mineral, podendo oferecer um coproduto com características semelhantes ao produto originalmente comercializado.

In recent years a strong interest has been expressed to produce lighter structures.One possible solution to reduce the weight is to utilize high strength steels and use welding as the joining method. Many components experience fatigue loadingduring all or part of their life time and welded connections are often the prime location of fatigue failure. This becomes more critical in welded high strength steels as fatigue strength of welds does not increase by increasing the steel strength. A possible solution to overcome this issue is to use fatigue improvement methods.The main objectives of this project are, therefore, to increase understanding of the factors that control fatigue life and to investigate how the fatigue strength improvement methods; high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment and use of Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) consumables will affect fatigue properties of welds in high strength steels. In this regard, Gas Metal Arc Welding(GMAW) was used to produce butt and fillet welds using LTT or conventional fillers in steels with yield strengths ranging from 650-1021 MPa and T-joint weldsin a steel with 1300 MPa yield strength. The effect of HFMI on fatigue strength of the welds in 1300 MPa yield strength steels was also investigated. Butt and fillet welds in 650-1021 MPa steels were fatigue tested under constant amplitude tensile loading with a stress ratio of 0.1 while T-joints were fatigue tested under constant amplitude fully reversed bending load with a stress ratio of -1. The nominal stress approach was used for fatigue strength evaluation of butt and fillet welds whereas the effective notch stress approach was used in case of T-joints. Relative effectsof the main parameters such as residual stress and weld toe geometry influencing fatigue strength of welds were evaluated. Residual stresses were measured using X-ray diffraction for as-welded and HFMI treated welds. Neutron diffraction was additionally used to investigate the near surface residual stress distribution in 1300 MPa LTT welds.Results showed that use of LTT consumables increased fatigue strength of welds in steels with yield strengths ranging from 650-1021 MPa. For butt welds, the vii characteristic fatigue strength (FAT) of LTT welds at 2 million cycles was up to46% higher when compared to corresponding welds made with conventional fillermaterials. In fillet welds, a maximum improvement of 132% was achieved when using LTT wires. The increase in fatigue strength was attributed to the lower tensile residual stresses or even compressive stresses produced close to the weldtoe in LTT welds. Weld metals with martensite transformation start temperatures around 200 °C produced the highest fatigue strength. In 1300 MPa yield strength steel, similar FAT of 287 MPa was observed for LTT welds and 306 MPa for conventional welds, both much higher than the IIW FATvalue of 225 MPa. The relative transformation temperatures of the base and weldmetals, specimen geometry and loading type are possible reasons why the fatigue strength was not improved by use of LTT wires. Neutron diffraction showed that the LTT consumable was capable of inducing near surface compressive residual stresses in all directions at the weld toe. It was additionally found that there arevery steep stress gradients both transverse to the weld toe line and in the depth direction, at the weld toe. Due to difficulties to accurately measure residual stresses locally at the weld toe most often in the literature and recommendations residual stresses a few millimetre away from the weld toe are related to fatigue properties. However, this research shows that caution must be used when relating these to fatigue strength, in particular for LTT welds, as stress in the base materiala few millimetre from the weld toe can be very different from the stress locally at the weld toe.HFMI increased the mean fatigue strength of conventional welds in 1300 MPa steels about 26% and of LTT welds by 13%. It increased the weld toe radius slightly but produced a more uniform geometry along the treated weld toes. Large compressive residual stresses, especially in the longitudinal direction, were introduced adjacent to the weld toe for both LTT and conventional treated welds. It was concluded that the increase in fatigue strength by HFMI treatment is due to the combined effect of weld toe geometry modification, increase in surface hardness and introduction of compressive residual stresses in the treated region.It was concluded that the residual stress has a relatively larger influence than the weld toe geometry on fatigue strength of welds. This is based on the observation that a moderate decrease in residual stress of about 15% at the 300 MPa stress level had the same effect on fatigue strength as increasing the weld toe radius by approximately 85% from 1.4 mm to 2.6 mm, in fillet welds. Also, a higher fatigue strength was observed for HFMI treated conventional welds compared to as welded samples having similar weld toe radii but with different residual stresses.

Les ponts roulants sont des engins de levage situés en haut des bâtiments qu'ils équipent. Ils servent à manutentionner des charges très lourdes et parfois critiques. Pendant un séisme, un pont roulant est exposé à des chocs multiples. Ces impacts peuvent causer des dommages importants dans la structure pouvant conduire à une chute de la charge manutentionnée ou du pont roulant lui-même. Donc, la vérification de la tenue des ponts roulants au séisme est une question primordiale. Actuellement, cette vérification est basée sur des méthodes de calcul statiques. Ces méthodes font l'hypothèse d'un comportement purement linéaire des ponts roulants ce qui les rend très conservatives. Depuis quelques années les niveaux sismiques imposés par les autorités nationales augmentent chaque année, et les constructeurs de ponts roulants se trouvent dans l'incapacité de construire à partir des efforts sur-estimés fournis par les méthodes statiques. L'objectif de la thèse est l'étude de la réponse dynamique d'un pont roulant pendant un séisme en prenant en compte les non-linéarités géométriques et matériau. Afin de modéliser ces phénomènes, une analyse dynamique temporelle avec une approche multi-échelle en temps est adoptée. Pour prendre en compte l'aspect haute fréquence des chocs, un intégrateur temporel variationnel explicite, basé sur la méthode des multiplicateurs de Lagrange et dédié au contact/impact, est développé. Ensuite, un intégrateur hétérogène (différents schémas d'intégration) asynchrone (différents pas de temps), basé sur la méthode de couplage GC, est appliqué au problème du pont roulant. Cette stratégie multi-échelle en temps permet d'adapter le schéma d'intégration et le pas de temps au sous domaine considéré. Par conséquent, l'intégrateur explicite est adopté dans les zones de contact et un schéma implicite de type accélération moyenne, est adopté dans le reste de la structure. Finalement, un démonstrateur de co-simulation entre les logiciels Cast3M et Europlexus est mis en place pour montrer le gain très significatif en temps de calcul dans le cas d'un modèle élément finis tridimensionnel d'un pont roulant industriel. / Bridge cranes are hoisting appliances located overhead in buildings. They are used to handle very heavy and sometimes critical loads. During an earthquake, a bridge crane may be subjected to multiple impacts between wheels and rails. These impacts can cause significant damage to the structure leading to a fall of the handled load or the bridge crane itself. Therefore, the qualification of such equipment, subjected to an earthquake, is very important. Currently, this qualification is based on static methods. These methods assume a purely linear behavior of the bridge cranes, which leads to a very conservative forces. Consequently, the bridge cranes manufacturers are sometimes unable to design the equipement from the over-estimated efforts provided by the static methods. The aim of this work is to study the dynamic response of a bridge crane during an earthquake by taking into account the geometric and material non-linearities. In order to model such phenomena, a time-history dynamic analysis with a multi-scale approach is performed. To take into account the high frequency aspect of the impacts between wheels and rails, a Lagrange explicit contact/impact time integrator is proposed. This work has also led to the development of an explicit–implicit HATI (Heterogeneous Asynchronous Time Integrator) for contact/impact dynamics. This method allows us to adopt an explicit contact/impact time integrator in the contact area and an implicit time integrator with a coarse mesh in the rest of the domain. Finally, a co-simulation demonstrator between Cast3M and Europlexus softwares is set up to show the very significant gain in computation time for a three-dimensional finite element model of an industrial bridge crane.