Sustaining a Spinal Cord Injury at any point in time is life altering – physically, emotionally, and financially – for all persons affected by the injury, but it can place unique challenges on younger married couples. This study examines the transition to injury for 18 couples (ages 21-55). Data were collected using individual interviews with each partner at three time points following injury, as well as observation in the rehabilitation setting (Creekview). This resulted in 96 individual interviews and 300 hours of observation. Using a combination of the life course perspective and cognitive sociology as guiding theoretical frameworks and grounded theory analysis, I examined how the health care institution influenced the couples’ relationships during their rehabilitation stay and the subsequent transition home. Overall, this study found that Creekview shaped a thought community that emphasizes a return to walking and high levels of physical recovery. Patients who achieved these goals constructed positive narratives about the future while those with lower levels of recovery constructed negative narratives over time. Additionally, because of the dominant medical narrative of wait and see regarding physical recovery, many respondents constructed fuzzy narratives about the future that reflect ambiguity about what life would look like following injury. Additionally, Creekview staff and couples accepted and reinforced the dominant cultural narrative that women are natural caregivers, but larger social structures of class, gender, and the division of paid and unpaid labor work together to push some women into caregiving faster or prevent other women from engaging in caregiving. Expanding on Aneshensel et al.’s (1995) caregiving career, this study examines how younger couples move through the caregiving career when the expected outcome is not long-term care placement or death. This study identified three main types of caregivers, each with their own path of caregiving – Naturalized, Constrained, and Resistant caregivers. Overall, the transition to injury is complex for patients and partners and this study highlights some of the ways the marital relationship is affected by a non-normative, unexpected transition.

Submitted by Mikaelen Costa (mickaellensilva0206@gmail.com) on 2018-03-12T15:56:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Correção impressão.pdf: 2460910 bytes, checksum: 940bf4ad40651177e6a65e6db91b69f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-03-15T18:56:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Correção impressão.pdf: 2460910 bytes, checksum: 940bf4ad40651177e6a65e6db91b69f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-03-16T13:28:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Correção impressão.pdf: 2460910 bytes, checksum: 940bf4ad40651177e6a65e6db91b69f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T13:28:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correção impressão.pdf: 2460910 bytes, checksum: 940bf4ad40651177e6a65e6db91b69f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The present work exposes the exclusion that the alienated lived in the city of Manaus in the period from 1880-1927, period of great town plannings modifications in the city, in the political and social life of the ones who lived in the city. The transformations also happened in the field of the health, with creation of commissions, posture codes and the construction of medical institutions, among them Saint House of Mercy and Alienated Eduardo Ribeiro’s Hospital. Those institutions helped in the modernization process and discipline imposition, collecting in their spaces not just alienated, but workers, children, women, arrested of justice, among others. They had role of to cure the patients and to discipline those that went against the order and the progress of the Paris of the Tropics. In the discipline process stands out the police and the treatments that alienated were submitted, many times applied of inefficient way or nor applied, or still questionable / O presente trabalho expõe o processo de exclusão que o alienado vivenciou na cidade de Manaus no período de 1880-1927, período esse de grandes modificações urbanísticas na cidade, na vida política e social dos que viviam na urbe. As transformações ocorreram também no campo da saúde, com criação de comissões, códigos de postura e a construção de instituições médicas, entre elas a Santa Casa de Misericórdia e o Hospício dos Alienados Eduardo Ribeiro. Essas instituições ajudaram no processo de modernização da cidade e imposição de disciplina, recolhendo em seus espaços não apenas alienados, mas trabalhadores, crianças, mulheres, presos de justiça, entre outros. A essas instituições coube o papel de curar os doentes e disciplinar aqueles que iam contra a ordem e o progresso da Paris dos Trópicos. No processo de disciplina destaca-se a polícia e os tratamentos a que os alienados eram submetidos, muitas vezes aplicados de maneira ineficiente ou nem aplicados, ou ainda contestáveis.

Neo-natal circumcision is the most frequently performed surgery in the United States. This is in stark contrast to homogeneous countries that abandoned the practice years ago, such as Australia. In order to shed light on the enigmatic popularity of neo-natal circumcision in the U.S. a cross-country comparison with Australia will be expounded upon within this thesis. Australia, despite having many similarities with the-United States, including health care advantages, has not maintained the high circumcision rates found in the United States. In the 1950s both nations had circumcision rates in the eightieth percentile. In the in the 1970s, the medical communities in both nations declared neo-natal circumcision medically unjustified only Australia saw a dramatic and steady decline in circumcision rates. Whereas circumcision rates in the United States have held steady. It is the intention of this thesis to investigate the primary influence(s) that determined this stark contrast between these two similar nations, and thereby establish the underlying cause(s) of circumcisions' popularity in the United States.

我國全民健保近年財務不佳，民國98年收支短絀達582億元。根據中央健康保險署資料，截至目前為止，特約醫事服務機構違規次數累積達13722次。在所有重大違規事件中，大部分是詐欺行為。 健保審查機制主要以電腦隨機抽樣，再由人工進行調查。然而，這樣的審查方式無法有效抽取到違規醫事機構之樣本，造成審查效果不彰。 Benford’s Law又稱第一位數法則，其概念為第一位數的值越小則該數字出現的頻率越大，反之相反。該方法被應用於會計、金融、審計及經濟領域中。楊喻翔(2012)將Benford’s Law相關指標應用於我國全民健保上，並結合機器學習演算法來進行健保異常偵測。 Zaharia et al. (2012)提出了一種具容錯的群集記憶內運算模式 Apache Spark，在相同的運算節點及資源下，其資料運算效率及速度可勝出Hadoop MapReduce 20倍以上。 為解決健保異常查核效果不彰問題，本研究將採用Benford’s Law，使用國家衛生研究院發行之健保資料計算成為Benford’s Law指標和實務指標，接著並使用支援向量機和邏輯斯迴歸來建構出異常查核模型。然而健保資料量龐大，為加快運算時間，本研究使用Apache Spark做為運算環境，並以Hadoop MapReduce作為標竿，比較運算效率。 研究結果顯示，本研究撰寫的Spark程式運算時間能較MapReduce快2倍；在分類模型上，支援向量機和邏輯斯迴歸所進行的住院資料測試，敏感度皆有80%以上；而所進行的門診資料測試，兩個模型的準確率沒有住院資料高，但邏輯斯迴歸測試結果仍保有一定的準確性，在敏感度仍有75%，整體正確率有73%。 本研究使用Apache Spark節省處理大量健保資料的運算時間。其次本研究建立的智慧型異常查核模型，確實能查核出違約的醫事機構，而模型所查核出可能有詐欺及濫用健保之醫事機構，可進行下階段人工調查，最終得改善健保查核效力。 / Financial condition of National Health Insurance (NHI) has been wretched in recent years. The income statement in 2009 indicated that National Health Insurance Administration (NHIA) was in debt for NTD $58.2 billion. According to NHIA data, certain medical institutions in Taiwan violated the NHI laws for 13722 times. Among all illegal cases, fraud is the most serious. In order to find illegal medical institutions, NHIA conducted random sampling by computer. Once the data was collected, NHIA investigators got involved in the review process. However, the way to get the samples mentioned above cannot reveal the reality. Benford's law is called the First-Digit Law. The concept of Benford’s Law is that the smaller digits would appear more frequently, while larger digits would occur less frequently. Benford’s Law is applied to accounting, finance, auditing and economics. Yang(2012) used Benford’s Law in NHI data and he also used machine learning algorithms to do fraud detection. Zaharia et al. (2012) proposed a fault-tolerant in-memory cluster computing -Apache Spark. Under the same computing nodes and resources, Apache Spark’s computing is faster than Hadoop MapReduce 20 times. In order to solve the problem of medical claims review, Benford’s Law was applied to this study. This study used NHI data which was published by National Health Research Institutes. Then, we computed NHI data to generate Benford’s Law variables and technical variables. Finally, we used support vector machine and logistics regression to construct the illegal check model. During system development, we found that the data size was big. With the purpose of reducing the computing time, we used Apache Spark to build computing environment. Furthermore, we adopted Hadoop MapReduce as benchmark to compare the performance of computing time. This study indicated that Apache Spark is faster twice than Hadoop MapReduce. In illegal check model, with support vector machine and logistics regression, we had 80% sensitivity in inpatient data. In outpatient data, the accuracy of support vector machine and logistics regression were lower than inpatient data. In this case, logistics regression still had 75% sensitivity and 73% accuracy. This study used Apache Spark to compute NHI data with lower computing time. Second, we constructed the intelligent illegal check model which can find the illegal medical institutions for manual check. With the use of illegal check model, the procedure of medical claims review will be improved.