Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Robert Warren, School of Urban Affairs & Public Policy. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, August, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Globalization is changing the face of health concerns worldwide and states are reacting by modifying their foreign policies to keep up with the resultant challenges and opportunities. The purpose of this study is to investigate, using the case studies of South Africa and Norway, the similarities and differences in how emerging and traditional middle powers respectively approach the new foreign policy phenomenon of health diplomacy. The study is interested in the reasons for how and why these similarities and differences manifest themselves in practice. Health diplomacy is a multifaceted concept which envelops negotiation involving health in a number of different concerts and across a wide spectrum of actors. Despite its novelty within the fields of both Global Health Governance and International Relations, the literature offers limited but sufficient frameworks that have utility for its study. The study surveys the literature on middle powers, and its sub-categories of emerging and traditional middle powers. Whilst identification with the middle power category requires the fulfilment of a number of criteria, this further categorization is made on the background of both quantifiable and behavioural characteristics, making their respective members’ inclinations and rationales for engaging in specific foreign policy types typically divergent on a number of issues. The two countries selected for case studies, South Africa and Norway, are generally regarded as exemplars of the two respective middle power categories. In these case studies the health diplomacy of these countries is assessed on the basis on the frameworks developed in the first half of this study, serving as the empirical foundation upon which the subsequent analysis is based. The findings speak volumes both for the two different middle power types and for the respective case study states. A common emphasis on multilateralism is one unsurprising similarity, as middle powers of both types tend to share this general preference in their foreign policy undertakings. However, as South Africa’s health diplomacy is nascent and Norway’s well-developed, divergences are obvious in terms of what strategies the respective countries use in order to gain the international influence that they covet. Furthermore, domestic and regional issues clog the agendas of emerging middle powers, whilst traditional ones enjoy stability in this regard and are able to seek opportunities elsewhere. These characteristics are exemplified in an extreme sense in South Africa, where a genuine health crisis is ravaging the country; conversely, in Norway, domestic issues are relatively minor, and niche diplomacy has bred massive success. At bottom, health diplomacy is a significant nascent area of interest within International Relations broadly, and in niche diplomacy and global health governance specifically, and demands further study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Globalisering verander wêreldwyd die aard van gesondheidsoorwegings en state reageer hierop deur hul buitelandse beleide aan te pas om tred te hou met die gevolglike uitdagings en geleenthede. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die ooreenkomstige en verskille duidelik te stel van hoe ontluikende en tradisionele middelmoondhede (met Suid-Afrika en Noorweë as onderskeidelike voorbeelde) die nuwe buitelandse beleidsfenomeen van gesondheidsdiplomasie benader. Die studie stel belang in die redes waarom en hoe hierdie ooreenkomste en verskille in die praktyk manifesteer. Gesondheidsdiplomasie is ‘n veelkantige konsep wat onderhandelings aangaande gesondheid in verskillende kontekste en oor ‘n wye spektrum akteurs heen omvat. Ondanks die nuutheid van beide Globale Gesondheidsregering en Internasionale Betrekkinge as studievelde, bied die literatuur beperkte maar voldoende raamwerke aan vir die doel van hierdie studie. Die tesis bied ‘n oorsig van die literatuur aangaande middelmoondhede, sowel as die subkategorieë van ontluikende en tradisionele middelmoondhede. Alhoewel lidmaatskap van die middelmoondheid kategorie die bevrediging van ‘n paar kriteria vereis, word hierdie verdere kategorisering gemaak teen die agtergrond van beide kwantifiseerbare en gedragspatrone, en dit maak hul onderskeie lede se oorwegings en beweegredes i.t.v. buitelandse beleidstipes uniek oor ‘n hele paar kwessies heen. Die twee state waarop besluit is as gevallestudies, Suid-Afrika en Noorweë, word algemeen beskou as kernvoorbeelde van die twee onderskeie middelmoondheid kategorieë. In hierdie gevallestudies word die gesondheidsdiplomasie van die twee state oorweeg aan die hand van raamwerke wat in die eerste helfte van die studie ontwikkel word, en dit dien dan as die empiriese ondersteuning vir die analise wat daarop volg. Die bevindings spreek boekdele beide oor die twee verskillende middelmoondheid tipes en vir die onderskeie gevallestudie state. ‘n Gedeelde fokus op multilateralisme is een onverrassende ooreenkoms, aangesien alle middelmoondhede hierdie voorkeur in hul buitelandse beleidsondernemings openbaar. Maar tog, aangesien Suid-Afrika onluikend is en Noorweë goed-ontwikkeld is, is uiteenlopendheid bespeurbaar i.t.v. die strategieë wat die onderskeie state gebruik ten einde die internasionale invloed te kry waarna hulle op soek is. Voorts verlangsaam plaaslike en streekskwessies die agendas van ontluikende middelmoondhede, terwyl tradisionele middelmoondhede in hierdie verband stabiliteit geniet, en dit dan moontlik word vir lg. om elders geleenthede te ondersoek. Sodanige kenmerke is duidelik in Suid-Afrika, waar ‘n ernstige gesondheidskrisis die land verlam; in Noorweë, aan die ander kant, is plaaslike uitdagings nie ernstig nie, en nisdiplomasie word met groot sukses onderneem. Die kernboodskap van die studie is dat gesondheidsdiplomasie ‘n beduidende nuwe ondersoekveld is binne Internasionale Betrekkinge in die algemeen, en dan spesifiek in nisdiplomasie en globale gesondheidsregering, en dit vereis verdere studie.

The purpose of this work is to show the importance of ethical consistency and its application in the decision-making process when allocating health care resources with respect to the Canada Health Act. Based on the specific decisions in its history and the development of its principles, I suggest that the Act can be interpreted as indicating a particular moral basis and that this could have an influence on how resources are allocated. I will focus on three claims supporting the argument that services can be delivered in a consistent and methodical manner that respects this particular moral foundation. First, the outcomes of decisions justified by simultaneous use of logically incompatible and distinct moral theories are problematic. I suggest that an approach to reasoning that uses one type of moral theory throughout the decision-making process results in less ambiguous outcomes. Second, based on key points in the history of the Canada Health Act, I believe there is a moral theory, deontological in nature, and that it captures the spirit behind the Act's development and current formulation. Third, decision-makers in Canada should follow one deontological theory when allocating health care resources to avoid inconsistencies, and to work within the moral framework of the Act as I have interpreted it. A delivery system that consistently follows this procedure may have different outcomes than the current methods of macro-allocation, and these differences may have effects on the amount and availability of health care services.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 291-315). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-213). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Also available in print.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Also available in print.

This study investigates the role of public policy and the implementation of public policy with particular reference to public health policy in South Africa from 1910 to 1990. The focus and locus of the public policy phenomenon within the political and administrative processes are also analysed. It is shown that the supposition that public policy is only part of the political process, is incorrect. The public policy phenomenon is subsequently analysed. It is shown that the various levels of public policy impact upon the administrative process and that the policy implementation process is part of the public policy process. In an analysis of the nature and scope of the public policy implementation process, it is argued that public policy implementation, as such, had been an underrated part of the policy process in South Africa up to the 1970's. It is also shown that internal and external variables impact upon the implementation of public policy, namely the generic administrative functions (as internal variables) and certain normative guidelines (as external variables). The external variables that impact upon public policy implementation, namely legislative direction, public accountability, democratic requirements, reasonableness, and efficiency are analyzed. The external variables are used to establish their relevance, or not, to the implementation of public health policy in South Africa from 1910 to 1990. It was found that the external variables figured poorly in the implementation of health policy in the sense that the external variables were brought to bear in an ad-hoc fashion based on crises as it arose, in other words, not on pre-planned actions. / In hierdie studie word ondersoek gedoen na die rol van openbare beleid en die implementering van openbare beleid met spesifieke verwysing na openbare gesondheidsbeleid in Suid-Afrika vanaf 1910 tot 1990. Die fokus en lokus van die openbare beleidverskynsel binne die politieke en administratiewe prosesse word ontleed. Daar word op gewys dat die veronderstelling dat openbare beleid slegs deel van die politieke proses is, verkeerd is. Daar word ook op gewys dat die verskillende vlakke van openbare beleid die administratiewe proses bei'nvloed en dat die openbare beleidimplementeringproses deel van die openbare beleidsproses is. In 'n ondersoek na die aard en omvang van die openbare beleidimplementeringproses word daarop gewys dat openbare beleidimplementering 'n onderskatte deel van die beleidproses in Suid-Afrika tot en met die 1970's was. Daar word op gewys dat interne en eksterne veranderlikes 'n invloed uitoefen op openbare beleidimplementering, te wete, die generiese administratiewe funksies (as interne veranderlikes) en bepaalde normatiewe riglyne (as eksterne veranderlikes). Die eksterne veranderlikes vir openbare beleidimplementering, te wete, wetgewende rigtinggewing, openbare aanspreeklikheid, demokratiese vereistes, regverdigheid, en doeltreffendheid is vervolgens ontleed. Die eksterne veranderlikes word gebruik om hul toepaslikheid, al dan nie, by die implementering van openbare gesondheidsbeleid in Suid-Afrika vanaf 1910 tot 1990 te toets. Daar is bevind dat die eksterne veranderlikes swak, indien ooit, by die implementering van gesondheidsbeleid ter sprake was. Die rede daarvoor is dat die eksterne veranderlikes op 'n ad-hoc wyse ter sprake gebring is omda:t die implementering van openbare gesondheidsbeleid toegepas is op die basis van krisisse soos dit ontstaan het en nie op beplande optredes nie. / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration) / Public Administration and Management