No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Background: Following the increase of international funding for implementation of the combined effective malaria control strategies for prevention, diagnosis and treatment in the past decades, a significant reduction with 30% of malaria attributed morbidity and mortality has been achieved. At present, declining transmission intensities, in areas of successful malaria control, have resulted in a relative increase of asymptomatic low parasite density infections that fall below the detection level of rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy. Mass drug administration (MDA) is a treatment of the entire population in a geographic area with antimalarial drugs irrespective of the presence of symptoms and without diagnostic testing, with the purpose of targeting asymptomatic malarial infections.   Aim: The overall purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of two rounds of MDA for reducing malaria transmission on Unguja island in Zanzibar.   Methods: A cluster-randomised controlled study with two arms was performed: an arm with two rounds of MDA, and a control arm without MDA. A total of 7941 field samples from the first MDA round and 9853 samples four months after the second round of MDA were screened. Two different sets of qPCRs, 18Sq-PCR and cytb-qPCR were used to detect the positivity of Plasmodium infection. The species were further identified using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).   Results: Cytb-qPCR detected more positive samples compared to 18S-qPCR. The qPCR determined malaria prevalence six months after the second MDA round was 1.7%. P. falciparum was the predominant species accounting for 64.6% and 63.3% from first MDA round and four month after second round of MDA respectively. From the first MDA round, the prevalence of P. malariae and P. vivax was 15.4% with 0.6% respectively. The parasite prevalence in the second round of MDA was: 10.8 % in P. malariae, 7.2 % in P. ovale and 0.6 % in P. vivax.   Conclusion: There is still a presence of asymptomatic low-density parasite carriers and the parasite prevalence remains relatively low in Zanzibar. MDA can be effective in low endemic settings when the goal is elimination.

digitalisering@umu.se

digitalisering@umu.se

digitalisering@umu

Sammanfattning   Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra om höft och/eller ljumskproblem (smärta och symptom) har något samband med rörlighet och/eller styrka i höftrotation hos ishockeymålvakter och om det finns skillnader mellan ungdoms-, junior-, eller seniormålvakter. Frågeställningarna söker svar om självskattade höft och/eller ljumskproblem, styrka och rörlighet skiljer sig mellan grupperna.   Metod Femtioen målvakter delades upp i tre grupper beroende på ålder. De mättes i magliggande position i isometrisk styrka och passiv rörlighet i både inåtrotation och utåtrotation av höftleden. Målvakterna fick dessutom fylla i HAGOS frågeformulär om höft och ljumskproblem. Styrkan och rörligheten jämfördes med hur målvakterna svarat på frågeformulärets två första underrubriker, smärta och symtom. Dessutom jämfördes självskattade höftproblem, styrka och rörlighet mellan grupperna.   Resultat Samband kunde konstateras i seniorgruppen mellan styrka i utåtrotation och både smärta och symtom. I juniorgruppen kunde inga samband fastställas. I ungdomsgruppen fanns samband mellan symtom och rörlighet både i inåt och utåtrotation, det fanns dessutom samband mellan symtom och styrka i utåtrotation bilateralt och styrka i inåtrotation på vänster sida. Ju äldre målvaktsgrupp desto mer besvär enligt HAGOS frågeformulär. Styrkan ökade och rörligheten minskar med högre åldersgrupp, men skillnaderna mellan de två äldsta grupperna var små. Seniorgruppen hade ojämn rörlighet mellan vänster och höger sida vilket de två yngre grupperna inte hade.   Slutsats Nedsatt styrka i utåtrotation verkar ha samband med höft och ljumskbesvär, men fler studier behövs som undersöker ifall problemen påverkar styrkan eller tvärtom. Seniormålvakterna förefaller ha större problem med sina höfter och ljumskar i jämförelse med yngre målvakter, men större studier behövs som även kan jämföra med andra idrottare. / Abstract   Aim The purpose of this study is to compare if hip and/or groin problems (pain and symptoms) are related to mobility and/or strength in hip rotation in ice hockey goalkeepers and if there are differences between youth, junior or senior goalkeepers. The questions ask if self-assessed hip and/or groin problems, strength and mobility differ between the groups.   Method Fiftyone goalkeepers were divided into three groups depending on age. They were measured in prone position in isometric strength and passive mobility in both internal rotation and external rotation of the hip joint. Goalkeepers also had to fill out HAGOS questionnaire about hip and groin problems. Strength and mobility were compared to how the goalkeepers responded to the questionnaire's two first subheadings, pain and symptoms. In addition, self-assessed hip problems, strength and mobility were compared between the groups.   Results Correlations were found in the seniorgroup between strength in external rotation and both pain and symptoms. In the junior group no correlations were found. In the youth group there was a correlation between symptoms and mobility in both internal and external rotation, in addition, there was a correlation between symptoms and strength in external rotation bilaterally and strength on the left side. The older group of goalkeeper, the more problem according to HAGOS questionnaire. The strength increased and mobility decreased with higher age group, but the differences between the two oldest groups were small. The senior group had uneven mobility between left and right side, which the two younger groups did not have.   Conclusions Reduced strength in external rotation seems to be associated with hip and groin problems, but more studies are needed to investigate whether problems affect strength or vice versa. Senior goalkeepers seem to have more problems with their hips and groins compared with younger goalkeepers, but larger studies are needed that can also can compare with other athletes.