No description available.

<p><em>Syfte</em></p><p>Huvudsyftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan graden av fysisk aktivitet och nedstämdhet/depression bland elever i årskurs 3 på gymnasiet. Vidare syften var att undersöka om nedstämda/deprimerade elever upplever känsla av meningsfullhet, glädje och lycka, lugn och harmoni samt kontroll över sin vardag i samma utsträckning som icke nedstämda eller deprimerade elever. Dessutom är ambitionen att undersöka om den upplevda stressnivån samvarierar med graden av fysisk aktivitet. Slutligen skulle alla dessa aspekter undersökas ur ett genusperspektiv.</p><p><em>Metod</em></p><p>Till denna studie har en kvantitativ enkätmetod använts. Deltagarna i undersökningen bestod av 252 gymnasieelever i årskurs tre från olika gymnasieprogram på två gymnasieskolor. Enkätsvaren behandlades statistiskt med hjälp av SPSS där signifikansnivån var satt till (p<0,05)</p><p><em>Resultat</em></p><p>Resultaten visar att mer än var tredje elev på de aktuella skolorna var nedstämda eller deprimerade, flickorna i högre grad än pojkarna. Den fysiska aktivitetsnivån var låg, 37 % av flickorna och 28 % av pojkarna var fysisk inaktiva. De fysiskt aktiva eleverna hade signifikant lägre CES-D värde dvs. var i betydande lägre grad nedstämda och deprimerade. Resultaten visade att elever med hög fysisk aktivitetsgrad upplever sig ha en betydligt lägre stressnivå än eleverna med lägre eller obefintlig fysisk aktivitetsgrad. De nedstämda och deprimerade eleverna visade i denna studie med god signifikans att såväl flickor som pojkar till mellan 70 % och 90 % sällan eller aldrig upplever följande känslor: Lugn och harmoni, Glädje och/eller lycka, Kontroll över sin vardag samt Meningsfullhet </p><p><em>Slutsats</em></p><p>Resultaten i denna studie tyder på att den fysiska aktiviteten samvarierar med nedstämdhet och depression, men för att undersöka vad som är orsak och verkan måste interventionsstudier och vidare longitudinella studier i frågan utföras. Den fysiska aktiviteten verkar således samvariera med graden av nedstämdhet och depression.</p> / <p><em>The aim</em></p><p>The main aim of this study was to investigate if there is a correlation between the extent of physical activity and low-spiritedness/depression among students in the third year of upper secondary school. Further aims were to investigate if low-spirited or depressed students experienced the feelings of sense of meaning, joy and happiness, calm and harmony, and control of the weekday to the same extent as non low-spirited/depressed students. Moreover to investigate if the experienced level of stress relates to the amount of physical activity. Finally all these aspects where investigated with a gender perspective.</p><p><em>Method</em></p><p>In this study a quantitative questionnaire method was used. The participants were 252 students in the third year of upper secondary school from different study programmes. The questionnaire answers were statistically analyzed with SPSS, and the level of significance was set at p<0, 05.</p><p><em>Results</em></p><p>The results showed that more than a third of the students at the current schools where low-spirited or depressed, the girls to a higher degree than boys. The extent of physical activity was low, 37 % of the girls and 28 % of the boys where physically inactive.  The students who were very physically active had lower CES-D value i.e. they where less low-spirited and depressed. The results also showed that the students who had a higher extent of physical activity experienced a lower level of stress then students with lower extent or non physical activity. Seventy to ninety percent of those in this study who were low-spirited or depressed exhibited, girls as well as boys, that they seldom or never experienced the following feelings: sense of meaning, joy and happiness, calm and harmony, and control of the weekday.</p><p><em>Conclusion</em></p><p>The results from this study indicate that the extent of physical activity has a covariance with low-spiritedness and depression. To investigate what the cause and effect is intervention studies and longitudinal studies of this effect must be done. However, it appears that physical activity covariates with the extent of low spiritedness and depression.</p>

The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the impact of workplace social relations on the implementation of return-to-work interventions. The thesis consists of four separate papers with specific aims. In Paper I, the overall purpose of the study was to analyse how a multi-stakeholder return-to-work programme was implemented and experienced from the perspective of the stakeholders involved, i.e. supervisors, occupational health consultants and a project coordinator. The objective was to identify and analyse how these stakeholders perceived that the programme had been implemented in relation to its intentions. In Paper II, the objective was to explore how workplace actors experience social relations, and how organisational dynamics in workplace-based return-to-work start before and extend beyond the initial return of the sick-listed worker to the workplace. In Paper III, the objective was to explore the meaning of early contact in return-to-work, and how social relational actions and conditions can facilitate or impede early contact among workplace actors. In Paper IV, the objective was to explore the role of co-workers in the return-to-work process, and their contribution to the process, starting from when a colleague falls ill, continuing when he/she subsequently becomes sick-listed and finally when he/she re-enters the workgroup. The general methodological approach to the papers in this thesis has been explorative and interpretive; qualitative methods have been used, involving interviews, group interviews and collection of employer policies on return-to-work. The data material has been analysed through back-and-forth abductive (Paper I), and inductive (Papers II-IV) content analysis. The main findings from Paper I show that discrepancies in the interpretations of policy intentions between key stakeholders (project coordinator, occupational health consultants and supervisors) created barriers for implementing the employer-based return-to-work programme, due to lack of communication, support, coaching and training activities of key stakeholders dedicated to the biopsychosocial intentions of the programme. In Papers II-IV, the workplace actors (re-entering workers, co-workers, supervisors and/or human resources manager) experienced the return-to-work process as phases (time before the sick leave, when on sick leave, when re-entering the workplace, and future sustainability). The findings highlight the importance and relevance of the varied roles of the different workplace actors during the identified phases of the return-to-work process. In particular, the positive contribution of co-workers, and their experience of shifting demands and expectations during each phase, is acknowledged. During the period of time before sick leave the main findings show how workplace actors experience the meaning of early contact within a social relational context, and how early contact is more than an activity that is merely carried out (or not carried out). The findings show how workplace actors experience uncertainties about how and when contact should take place, and the need to balance possible infringement that early contact might cause for the re-entering worker between pressure to return to work and their private health management. The findings in this thesis show how the workplace is a socially complex dynamic setting, which challenges some static models of return-to-work. The biopsychosocial and ecological/case management models and policies for return-to-work have been criticised for neglecting social relations in a return-to-work process at the workplace. This thesis provides increased knowledge and explanations regarding important factors in workplace social relations that facilitate an understanding of what might “make or break” the return-to-work process.

No description available.

Syfte Huvudsyftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan graden av fysisk aktivitet och nedstämdhet/depression bland elever i årskurs 3 på gymnasiet. Vidare syften var att undersöka om nedstämda/deprimerade elever upplever känsla av meningsfullhet, glädje och lycka, lugn och harmoni samt kontroll över sin vardag i samma utsträckning som icke nedstämda eller deprimerade elever. Dessutom är ambitionen att undersöka om den upplevda stressnivån samvarierar med graden av fysisk aktivitet. Slutligen skulle alla dessa aspekter undersökas ur ett genusperspektiv. Metod Till denna studie har en kvantitativ enkätmetod använts. Deltagarna i undersökningen bestod av 252 gymnasieelever i årskurs tre från olika gymnasieprogram på två gymnasieskolor. Enkätsvaren behandlades statistiskt med hjälp av SPSS där signifikansnivån var satt till (p&lt;0,05) Resultat Resultaten visar att mer än var tredje elev på de aktuella skolorna var nedstämda eller deprimerade, flickorna i högre grad än pojkarna. Den fysiska aktivitetsnivån var låg, 37 % av flickorna och 28 % av pojkarna var fysisk inaktiva. De fysiskt aktiva eleverna hade signifikant lägre CES-D värde dvs. var i betydande lägre grad nedstämda och deprimerade. Resultaten visade att elever med hög fysisk aktivitetsgrad upplever sig ha en betydligt lägre stressnivå än eleverna med lägre eller obefintlig fysisk aktivitetsgrad. De nedstämda och deprimerade eleverna visade i denna studie med god signifikans att såväl flickor som pojkar till mellan 70 % och 90 % sällan eller aldrig upplever följande känslor: Lugn och harmoni, Glädje och/eller lycka, Kontroll över sin vardag samt Meningsfullhet  Slutsats Resultaten i denna studie tyder på att den fysiska aktiviteten samvarierar med nedstämdhet och depression, men för att undersöka vad som är orsak och verkan måste interventionsstudier och vidare longitudinella studier i frågan utföras. Den fysiska aktiviteten verkar således samvariera med graden av nedstämdhet och depression. / The aim The main aim of this study was to investigate if there is a correlation between the extent of physical activity and low-spiritedness/depression among students in the third year of upper secondary school. Further aims were to investigate if low-spirited or depressed students experienced the feelings of sense of meaning, joy and happiness, calm and harmony, and control of the weekday to the same extent as non low-spirited/depressed students. Moreover to investigate if the experienced level of stress relates to the amount of physical activity. Finally all these aspects where investigated with a gender perspective. Method In this study a quantitative questionnaire method was used. The participants were 252 students in the third year of upper secondary school from different study programmes. The questionnaire answers were statistically analyzed with SPSS, and the level of significance was set at p&lt;0, 05. Results The results showed that more than a third of the students at the current schools where low-spirited or depressed, the girls to a higher degree than boys. The extent of physical activity was low, 37 % of the girls and 28 % of the boys where physically inactive.  The students who were very physically active had lower CES-D value i.e. they where less low-spirited and depressed. The results also showed that the students who had a higher extent of physical activity experienced a lower level of stress then students with lower extent or non physical activity. Seventy to ninety percent of those in this study who were low-spirited or depressed exhibited, girls as well as boys, that they seldom or never experienced the following feelings: sense of meaning, joy and happiness, calm and harmony, and control of the weekday. Conclusion The results from this study indicate that the extent of physical activity has a covariance with low-spiritedness and depression. To investigate what the cause and effect is intervention studies and longitudinal studies of this effect must be done. However, it appears that physical activity covariates with the extent of low spiritedness and depression.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references.

Zero-inflated data are common in biomedical research. In cluster analysis, the heuristic approach fails to provide inferential properties to the outcome while the existing model-based approach only works in the case of a mixture of multivariate normal. In this dissertation, I developed two new model-based clustering algorithms- the multivariate zero-inflated log-normal and the multivariate zero-inflated Poisson clustering algorithms. I then applied these methods to the questionnaire data and compare the resulting clusters to the ones derived from assuming multivariate normal distribution. Associations between clustering results and clinical outcomes were also investigated.

BACKGROUND:There is a need for more Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) on Chinese medicine (CM) to inform clinical and policy decision-making. This document aims to provide consensus advice for the design of CER trials on CM for researchers. It broadly aims to ensure more adequate design and optimal use of resources in generating evidence for CM to inform stakeholder decision-making.METHODS:The Effectiveness Guidance Document (EGD) development was based on multiple consensus procedures (survey, written Delphi rounds, interactive consensus workshop, international expert review). To balance aspects of internal and external validity, multiple stakeholders, including patients, clinicians, researchers and payers were involved in creating this document.RESULTS:Recommendations were developed for "using available data" and "future clinical studies". The recommendations for future trials focus on randomized trials and cover the following areas: designing CER studies, treatments, expertise and setting, outcomes, study design and statistical analyses, economic evaluation, and publication.CONCLUSION:The present EGD provides the first systematic methodological guidance for future CER trials on CM and can be applied to single or multi-component treatments. While CONSORT statements provide guidelines for reporting studies, EGDs provide recommendations for the design of future studies and can contribute to a more strategic use of limited research resources, as well as greater consistency in trial design.