Clinical risk assessment of chronic illnesses is a challenging and complex task which requires the utilisation of standardised clinical practice guidelines and documentation procedures in order to ensure consistent and efficient patient care. Conventional cardiovascular decision support systems have significant limitations, which include the inflexibility to deal with complex clinical processes, hard-wired rigid architectures based on branching logic and the inability to deal with legacy patient data without significant software engineering work. In light of these challenges, we are proposing a novel ontology and machine learning-driven hybrid clinical decision support framework for cardiovascular preventative care. An ontology-inspired approach provides a foundation for information collection, knowledge acquisition and decision support capabilities and aims to develop context sensitive decision support solutions based on ontology engineering principles. The proposed framework incorporates an ontology-driven clinical risk assessment and recommendation system (ODCRARS) and a Machine Learning Driven Prognostic System (MLDPS), integrated as a complete system to provide a cardiovascular preventative care solution. The proposed clinical decision support framework has been developed under the close supervision of clinical domain experts from both UK and US hospitals and is capable of handling multiple cardiovascular diseases. The proposed framework comprises of two novel key components: (1) ODCRARS (2) MLDPS. The ODCRARS is developed under the close supervision of consultant cardiologists Professor Calum MacRae from Harvard Medical School and Professor Stephen Leslie from Raigmore Hospital in Inverness, UK. The ODCRARS comprises of various components, which include: (a) Ontology-driven intelligent context-aware information collection for conducting patient interviews which are driven through a novel clinical questionnaire ontology. (b) A patient semantic profile, is generated using patient medical records which are collated during patient interviews (conducted through an ontology-driven context aware adaptive information collection component). The semantic transformation of patients’ medical data is carried out through a novel patient semantic profile ontology in order to give patient data an intrinsic meaning and alleviate interoperability issues with third party healthcare systems. (c) Ontology driven clinical decision support comprises of a recommendation ontology and a NICE/Expert driven clinical rules engine. The recommendation ontology is developed using clinical rules provided by the consultant cardiologist from the US hospital. The recommendation ontology utilises the patient semantic profile for lab tests and medication recommendation. A clinical rules engine is developed to implement a cardiac risk assessment mechanism for various cardiovascular conditions. The clinical rules engine is also utilised to control the patient flow within the integrated cardiovascular preventative care solution. The machine learning-driven prognostic system is developed in an iterative manner using state of the art feature selection and machine learning techniques. A prognostic model development process is exploited for the development of MLDPS based on clinical case studies in the cardiovascular domain. An additional clinical case study in the breast cancer domain is also carried out for the development and validation purposes. The prognostic model development process is general enough to handle a variety of healthcare datasets which will enable researchers to develop cost effective and evidence based clinical decision support systems. The proposed clinical decision support framework also provides a learning mechanism based on machine learning techniques. Learning mechanism is provided through exchange of patient data amongst the MLDPS and the ODCRARS. The machine learning-driven prognostic system is validated using Raigmore Hospital's RACPC, heart disease and breast cancer clinical case studies.

A pesquisa buscou avaliar se a ultrassonografia portátil, durante consulta clínica em uma unidade básica de saúde pública do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, foi capaz de fornecer informações adicionais confiáveis para a tomada de decisões terapêuticas e diminuir o tempo de espera para uma eventual avaliação especializada, por meio da comparação entre os achados obtidos na ultrassonografia portátil e na ultrassonografia convencional. A ultrassonografia é o segundo método de avaliação por imagem mais utilizado na prática médica, após o Raio-X. Não emite radiações ionizantes e seu efeito sobre os tecidos biológicos é seguro, desde que em nível de intensidade acústica mínima para obtenção dos resultados desejados. Este trabalho surgiu da observação de quão prolongado é o tempo de espera por exames de ultrassom a que estão sujeitos os pacientes da saúde pública brasileira, chegando até dois anos em alguns casos, contrariando protocolos de recomendação e podendo comprometer a saúde do paciente. Avaliou-se custo-efetividade da tecnologia, suas principais limitações, a necessidade de criação de protocolos para sua utilização e os subsídios fornecidos para a tomada de decisões pelo médico clínico. A tecnologia foi aplicada em exames nas áreas de medicina interna, sistema musculoesquelético e cardiologia. Empregou aparelho de ultrassom portátil aprovado pela Anvisa, modelo Vscan™ Dualprobe. Conforme protocolos do Instituto Americano de Ultrassom em Medicina (AIUM), os sujeitos da pesquisa foram submetidos a exame com aparelho portátil, durante o momento da consulta com o pesquisador, após anamnese e exame físico. Posteriormente, foram submetidos a exame empregando aparelho convencional, com médico possuindo titulação em ultrassonografia. As imagens e os achados foram comparados entre os exames e se calculou um índice de confiabilidade Kappa global nas três áreas estudadas de 91,12%, embora o índice para a área cardíaca tenha sido de 76,92%, o que demonstra a limitação do uso do ultrassom portátil para a área. A pesquisa demonstrou que o emprego da ultrassonografia portátil pode vir a ser um importante aliado do médico clínico, permitindo melhoria da qualidade da saúde prestada aos pacientes do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. / The research aimed to evaluate whether portable ultrasonography, during clinical consultation in a basic public health unit of the Brazilian Unified Health System, was able to provide reliable additional information for therapeutic decision-making and to reduce the waiting time for a specialized evaluation, by means of the comparison between the findings obtained in portable ultrasonography and conventional ultrasonography. Ultrasonography is the second method of image evaluation more used in medical practice after the X-ray. It does not emit ionizing radiation and its effect on biological tissues is safe, provided that at minimum acoustic intensity level to obtain the desired results. This study was based on the observation of the length of time the patient waits for the ultrasound exams to which Brazilian public health patients are subjected, up to two years in some cases, contrary to recommendation protocols and potentially compromising patient´s health. It evaluated the cost-effectiveness of the technology, its main limitations, the need to create protocols for its use and the subsidies provided for the decision-making by the clinician. The technology was applied in examinations in the areas of internal medicine, musculoskeletal system and cardiology. It was used a portable ultrasound device approved by Anvisa, model Vscan™ Dualprobe. According to protocols of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), the subjects were examined with a portable device, during the moment of the consultation with the researcher, after anamnesis and physical examination. Subsequently, they were submitted to an examination using a conventional device, with a doctor having ultrasound titration. The images and findings were compared between the exams and a global Kappa reliability index was calculated in the three studied areas of 91.12%, although the index for the cardiac area was 76.92%, which demonstrates the limitation of the use of portable ultrasound for the area. The research demonstrated that the use of portable ultrasonography can be an important ally of the clinician, allowing an improvement in the quality of health provided to patients of the Brazilian Unified Health System.