published_or_final_version / abstract / Psychology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Cooperative marriage is a heterosexual marriage negotiated and performed by a lala (a woman with same-sex desire) and a gay man. Building on growing debates on cooperative marriage within the tongzhi community and on intensifying media and academic attention, this thesis presents an empirical investigation of how gay men and lalas understand their experiences while in cooperative marriage. The study is based on in-depth interviews, participant observation and focus group interviews of twenty-two gay men and lalas in cooperative marriage distributed across five cities in China: Beijing, Shenyang, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Foshan. Among the questions addressed are: Why do gay men and lalas opt for this particular type of marriage? What are the lived experiences of sexual minorities facing cultural and institutional discrimination in China? What are the main living strategies and styles they adopt to cope with such discrimination? The study also explores different ways of relating to others and some novel intimate practices emerging. It is shown that, in general, these are not in harmony with the heteronormative values that are dominating society today. The new ways and practices are therefore challenging criticism from liberal rights activists, particularly with regard to issues such as coming out. I identify four types of orientations of gay men and lalas towards cooperative marriage: familial, individual, pragmatic, and idealistic. These reveal how gay men and lalas understand their relations to other main players in their lives and strategize accordingly. Among the characteristics playing key roles in their decision making are gender, being the single child of the family and co-residence with the parents in the same city (local vs. non-local). It is shown that the lives of gay men and lalas in cooperative marriage are being complicated by the need to negotiate multiple relationships, e.g., with the marital partner, the same-sex partner, the marital partner’s partner, the natal family, the in-laws, and the gay community around. I also theorize on the major types of politics of intimate relationships engaged in by gay men and lalas as they craft their living spaces while in cooperative marriage. Finally, I demonstrate that cooperative marriage has led to a new sub-cultural tongzhi movement where gay men and lalas build on the rapport they have developed with each other; e.g., they share information and experiences while participating in semi-open public discussions and matchmaking events. This is leading to emergent types of new ethics within the community which have critically challenged the stereo types and dominant narratives on tongzhi strategizing. / published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Psychology

abstract / toc / History / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Literary and Cultural Studies / Master / Master of Arts

自中國改革開放以來，大量的農村人口流動到城巿工作。在中國的移民／遷移研究當中，家庭、女性、制度等常為研究人員的研究對象及研究範式，卻鮮以性別視角研究男性的打工經驗及個人的遷移經歷。這一點對於理解男性在遷移及打工過程中，如何回應城鄉之間的差異，包括工業化及全球化下的中國經濟模式以及各種意識形態的轉變，具有極為重要的價值。面對著大量流動於不同社會的男性群體，我們對於他們的身份建構、工作遭遇、因著男性身份而在各個領域中所經歴的差異等理解甚少。是次研究以南中國農民工為例，與12 位以服務性行業為主的男性農民工進行了深入訪談，並以男性特質論（Masculinities）作為分析框架。研究發現在城巿及巿場的影響之下，男性農民工的男性特質具有物質化特性，這種男性特質的再建構是男性農民工面對現代化及都巿生活下的一種價值轉變及回應。與此同時，在物質化男性特質影響下，男性農民工對於家庭產生一種循環性的虧欠感及對其自我評價產生負面影響。 / Since the Open Door Policy of China, a great proportion of people in the rural areas mobilized to the city for work, Family, female and institution are usually the subjects and perspectives in the trend of recent China internal migration studies. However, male migrant workers, as a gender subject, is usually absent in those researches and their experience in the city should be revealed. The changing identities and asculinities performance are significant perspective for us in understating the male migrant workers subjectivities transformation underthe influences from city and market. This study aims at using Masculinities as a framework to investigate the effect of cities and markets on the male migrant workers in south China. Twelve In-depth interviews with male migrant workers, whose are mainly in service industry in these 2 years (2012-2013), were conducted. This research discovers that their Masculinities were materialized under the influences of city and market when they are working in the cities, and the materialized masculinity lead(s) them to have a low self-appraisal and selfregret to their family. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 彭梽樃. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-50). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Peng Zhilang.

Li Wai-ki Viki. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-190). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Note --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Historical Background / Structure of Thesis / Literature Review / Methodology / Problems Encountered / Do People Tell the Truth? / Fieldsite一Why Shenzhen? / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "The ""Superior"" Hong Kong Chinese" --- p.35 / Construction of Hong Kong Identity / Hong Kong People's Views of Mainlanders / Hong Kong People's Views of Cross-border Marriages / How Do Mainland Chinese View Themselves? / Hong Kong Identity Card as Symbolic Capital / Grading of Ethnicity / Conclusion / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Hong Kong Men --- p.64 / Who is More Inclined to Marry a Mainland Woman? / What are Hong Kong Men Looking for in a Wife? / Mainland Women vs. Hong Kong Women / Hong Kong Men's Attitude Toward Marriage / Hong Kong Men's Sense of Masculinity and Femininity / Power Relation between Husband and Wife / Yuhn Fahn Decides Who is Miss Right / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Mainland Women Who Seek Hong Kong Husbands --- p.96 / Who is More Inclined to Marry a Hong Kong Man? / What are Mainland Women Looking for in a Husband? / Mainland Women's Attitude toward Marriage / Hong Kong Men vs. Mainland Men / "Who are the Most Desirable Husbands, After All?" / Constructed Reality vs. Actual Reality / Conclusion / Chapter Chapter 5 --- When Hong Kong Men Meet Mainland Women --- p.125 / The Trip to Zhanjiang / The Magazine Version / Conclusion / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.157 / Relationship between Hong Kong People and Mainland Migrants / Possible Trends in Marriage Patterns / Appendices --- p.175 / Bibliography --- p.182

The present thesis explored the experiences and correlates of victimization among Chinese gay men and lesbians in Hong Kong with the aim at reducing their victimization experiences in future. This thesis had two studies. Study One was a cross-sectional study to examine correlates of victimization experiences. Based on the stress and coping paradigm, an integrated model on victimization experiences was developed. The model composed of three predicting factors of victimization experiences: predispositional stressors including gender role atypicality and internalized homophobia, cognitive appraisal variables including perceived discrimination and gay/lesbian community involvement, and sexual identity management strategies including counterfeiting, integration, and confrontation. A total of 645 Chinese gay men and lesbians in Hong Kong participated in this study. Results of path analyses showed that sexual identity management strategy of confrontation was the immediate correlate of victimization. Cognitive appraisal variables, including perceived discrimination and gay/lesbian community involvement, were also directly related to victimization experiences. Predisposition stressors, including gender role atypicality and internalized homophobia, were related to cognitive appraisal variables and sexual identity management strategies, which in turn predicted victimization experiences. The cross-sectional model was examined with four types of victimization experiences, including verbal insults, physical attacks, sexual assaults, and unfair treatment; and with gay men and lesbians separately. Results showed that the model was more predictive of physical attacks and sexual assaults of gay men. Based on the final cross-sectional model, a longitudinal model on victimization experiences and a psychoeducational program on sexual identity management strategies were developed. Study Two was a three-month follow-up study to examine the longitudinal model and to evaluate the effectiveness of the psychoeducational program on reducing future victimization experiences. A random sample of 392 participants from Study One was recruited to Study Two. Results of path analyses showed that victimization experiences at T2 (Time Two) were predicted by three longitudinal paths. Confrontation at T1 (Time One) had direct impact on confrontation at T2, which was linked to victimization experiences at T2. Victimization experiences at T1 predicted confrontation at T2, which was related to victimization experiences at T2. Victimization experiences at T1 had direct effects on victimization experiences at T2. Similar to the cross-sectional model, the longitudinal model was more predictive of physical attacks and sexual assaults of gay men. Results also showed that the psychoeducational program was effective in reducing participants' victimization experiences in future. Compared with the control group, participants of the psychoeducational program used less confrontation strategy, more counterfeiting and integration strategies from T1 to T2. Participants showed greater reduction in victimization experiences than the control group from T1 to T2. Compared with lesbians, gay men demonstrated greater reduction in victimization experiences after the psychoeducational program. Limitations and service implications of the studies were discussed. / Wong Chi Yan. / "August 2005." / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: B, page: 0566. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 262-291). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Chow Shing Yuk. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-66). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- First-Generation Studies --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Second-Generation Studies --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3 --- Third-Generation Studies --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Empirical Methodology --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1 --- Fixed Effect Estimation --- p.13 / Chapter 3.2 --- Within-twin Differencing --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3 --- Adjustment for Measurement Errors --- p.15 / Chapter 3.4 --- Value of Within-twin Differencing --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Data Descriptions --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1 --- Twins Data --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2 --- Non-twins Data --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Empirical Results --- p.35 / Chapter 5.1 --- Cross Sectional Results: Twins Sample --- p.35 / Chapter 5.2 --- Within-twin Differencing --- p.42 / Chapter 5.3 --- Cross Sectional Results: Non-twins Sample --- p.45 / Chapter 5.4 --- Female Results --- p.48 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.50 / Tables --- p.52 / Appendix l: Some Other Thoughts on Marriage Premium --- p.60 / References --- p.64