Le vrillage est un mode de retour élastique particulier, qui se produit suite à la mise en forme par emboutissage de pièces allongées, à savoir dont une des dimensions est grande devant les deux autres. Le vrillage est caractérisé par la torsion de la pièce autour d’un axe parallèle à la plus grande dimension. D’un point de vue expérimental, le vrillage représente un véritable défi, du fait de la grande dimension, de l’ordre du mètre, des pièces industrielles et de la grande dispersion des valeurs caractéristiques de vrillage obtenues pour un même procédé et un même matériau. En conséquence, l’étude du vrillage en utilisant une échelle réduite sur l’ensemble des dimensions outils et pièce est retenue pour ce travail de thèse, avec un intérêt particulier pour l’influence de l’alignement tôle/outils sur l’intensité du vrillage.L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse est l’étude expérimentale et numérique du vrillage de pièces en forme de U, à partir de flans de longueur 100 mm et d’épaisseur 0,15 mm. Une première partie concerne la caractérisation et modélisation du comportement mécanique du matériau, un acier inoxydable. Des essais mécaniques de traction et cisaillement simple ont été réalisés, avec une mesure locale sans contact du champ de déformation. L’écrouissage ainsi que l’évolution de la pente à la décharge ont été caractérisés, et les paramètres d’un modèle élasto-plastique avec écrouissage mixte et dépendance du module d’Young avec la déformation plastique équivalente ont été identifiés à partir de ces essais.Afin de constituer une base expérimentale sur le vrillage, un dispositif spécifique a été conçu et usiné dans le cadre de cette thèse. Des essais d’emboutissage de flans rectangulaires, de dimensions 100 x 28 mm2, pour atteindre une forme de U de profondeur 7 mm, ont été réalisés. L’alignement de l’éprouvette avec le poinçon et la matrice a été particulièrement contrôlé et deux orientations ont été étudiées : l’éprouvette est soit alignée avec le poinçon, soit désalignée de 2° par rapport à son centre. La forme finale des éprouvettes a été mesurée avec un scanner laser. Le vrillage est caractérisé par le rapport de l’angle entre le fond de deux sections extrêmes sur leur distance respective. Un vrillage de 11°.m-1 a été mesuré pour les éprouvettes désalignées, tandis que pour les éprouvettes alignées, aucun vrillage significatif n’a été obtenu. L’étude des sections transversales de l’éprouvette montre une corrélation entre l’asymétrie du retour élastique causée par l’asymétrie de la géométrie de l’éprouvette, dans le cas désaligné, et le vrillage. Le glissement de l’éprouvette sous le poinçon au cours de l’essai affecte également le vrillage quelque soit l’orientation de l’éprouvette.Finalement, la simulation numérique de la mise en forme d’un flan en forme de U a été effectuée avec le code de calcul Abaqus®. Un solveur explicite est utilisé pour l’étape d’emboutissage et un solveur implicite pour le retour élastique. L’influence de la taille de maillage, ainsi que celle de la loi de comportement du matériau ont été étudiées. Les résultats de la simulation numérique sont alors confrontés aux résultats expérimentaux. / Twisting of metallic sheets is one particular mode of springback that occurs after drawing of elongated parts, i.e. with one dimension much larger than the two others. Twisting is usually characterized by the disorientation angle between the two end sections which turn around an axis parallel to the greatest dimension. From experimental point of view, twisting is very challenging because a lot of data were obtained on industrial-type parts, with one dimension of the order of the meter. These data are usually very dispersed and with the same process parameters, material and geometry, very different values for the twisting parameter can be obtained. As a consequence, the study of twisting phenomenon by using a reduced scale for all the dimensions of the tools and blank is retained in this work of. The influence of the blank alignment with the tools on the intensity of the twisting parameter was particular investigated.The objective of the thesis is the experimental and numerical study of the twisting of U-shaped part, obtained from stainless steel blanks with a length of 100 mm and thickness of 0.15 mm. The first part relates to the characterization and modeling of the material mechanical behavior. Conventional tests such as tension and simple shear were performed. The kinematic contribution to the hardening and the evolution of the loading-unloading slope with the plastic deformation were carried out. The parameters of an elastic-plastic model based on a mixed hardening and degradation of Young’s modulus with the equivalent plastic strain have been identified from these tests.In order to establish an experimental database for twisting, a dedicated device for drawing U-shaped elongated parts was designed and manufactured. Deep-drawing of rectangular blanks, of dimensions 100 x 28 mm2, to achieve a U-shape rail of 7 mm of depth was performed. Two different orientations of the part with respect to the tools were chosen: either aligned with the tools, or purposefully misaligned by 2°. The geometry of the part after springback was laser scanned. Twisting is characterized by the disorientation angle in-between the two end sections of the part over the distance. Several samples were drawn for each configuration, leading to the conclusion that almost no twisting occurs in the first case whereas a twisting parameter of 11°.m-1 corresponded to the second one. The analysis of the geometry of cross sections has shown a correlation between twisting and asymmetry of springback, like the opening of the U-shaped rail, caused by the asymmetry of the blank in the misaligned case. The sliding of the blank beneath the punch during the process also affects twisting whatever its orientation. Finally, finite element simulation of the drawing process, for the two configurations of the blank, within the explicit framework for drawing and implicit one for springback, were carried out using Abaqus® software. The influences of the mesh size as well as the material behavior law on the intensity of twisting parameter were studied. Numerical predictions were compared with experiments.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as propriedades mecânicas do metal como soldado usando fluxo ativado na condição como recebido. Foram utilizadas cinco chapas base, sendo quatro delas de aço do tipo alta resistência e baixa liga (ABRL) e uma de aço carbono comum SAE 1020, que foram soldadas usando um único passe. O eletrodo utilizado foi o arame EM 12K , diâmetro de 4 mm e pó de ferro 400. As condições de soldagem utilizada foram: tensão de 34V, corrente de 660A, velocidade de soldagem de 30 cm/mim por minuto e uma adição de pó metálico de 373 g/m. Estas condições produzem um aporte de calor de 4,5 kJ/mm e uma diluição da chapa base em torno de 43%. Os ensaios mecânicos realizados forma de dureza, de tração e de impacto. A natureza das inclusões não metálicas foi investigada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise por Energy Dispersive X RAY (EDS). Os resultados mostraram que as condições do fluxo e a diluição da chapa base alteraram a química nos metais como soldados, principalmente o oxigênio, isto permitiu mudanças significativas na temperabilidade. Como resultado as percentagens das microestruturas foram bastante alteradas principalmente na ferrita acicular, ocasionando mudanças nas propriedades mecânicas de dureza, tração e impacto. / The objective of this work was to study the properties of the metal as welded using activated flux in the condition as received. Five base plates, four of which were HSLA steel and one SAE 1020, that were welded using a single pass. EM 12K electrode and 400 metallic powder were used. The conditions for welding were: voltage 34V, current 660A, welding speed 30 cm/min and addition of metallic powder 373 Kg/M. These conditions produced a heat input of 4,5 kJ/mm and dilution in the base plate around 43%. Mechanical tests of hardness, impact resistance and tensile strength were carried out. The nature of non-metallic inclusions was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDS). The results showed that the conditions of the flux and the dilution of the base plate changed the chemical compositions in the metal as welded, mainly oxygen, which altered significantly the hardenability. As a result, the percentage of the microstructures changed, specially for acicular ferrite, allowing for changes in mechanical properties of hardness, impact resistance and tensile strength.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as propriedades mecânicas do metal como soldado usando fluxo ativado na condição como recebido. Foram utilizadas cinco chapas base, sendo quatro delas de aço do tipo alta resistência e baixa liga (ABRL) e uma de aço carbono comum SAE 1020, que foram soldadas usando um único passe. O eletrodo utilizado foi o arame EM 12K , diâmetro de 4 mm e pó de ferro 400. As condições de soldagem utilizada foram: tensão de 34V, corrente de 660A, velocidade de soldagem de 30 cm/mim por minuto e uma adição de pó metálico de 373 g/m. Estas condições produzem um aporte de calor de 4,5 kJ/mm e uma diluição da chapa base em torno de 43%. Os ensaios mecânicos realizados forma de dureza, de tração e de impacto. A natureza das inclusões não metálicas foi investigada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise por Energy Dispersive X RAY (EDS). Os resultados mostraram que as condições do fluxo e a diluição da chapa base alteraram a química nos metais como soldados, principalmente o oxigênio, isto permitiu mudanças significativas na temperabilidade. Como resultado as percentagens das microestruturas foram bastante alteradas principalmente na ferrita acicular, ocasionando mudanças nas propriedades mecânicas de dureza, tração e impacto. / The objective of this work was to study the properties of the metal as welded using activated flux in the condition as received. Five base plates, four of which were HSLA steel and one SAE 1020, that were welded using a single pass. EM 12K electrode and 400 metallic powder were used. The conditions for welding were: voltage 34V, current 660A, welding speed 30 cm/min and addition of metallic powder 373 Kg/M. These conditions produced a heat input of 4,5 kJ/mm and dilution in the base plate around 43%. Mechanical tests of hardness, impact resistance and tensile strength were carried out. The nature of non-metallic inclusions was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and analysis by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDS). The results showed that the conditions of the flux and the dilution of the base plate changed the chemical compositions in the metal as welded, mainly oxygen, which altered significantly the hardenability. As a result, the percentage of the microstructures changed, specially for acicular ferrite, allowing for changes in mechanical properties of hardness, impact resistance and tensile strength.

L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer un modèle de comportement avec endommagement ductile pour la simulation des procédés de mise en forme de tôles minces qui peut bien représenter le comportement des matériaux sous des trajets de chargement complexes en grandes déformations plastiques. Basé sur la thermodynamique des processus irréversibles, les équations de comportement couplé à l’endommagement tiennent compte des anisotropies initiales et induites, de l’écrouissage isotrope et cinématique et de l’endommagement isotrope ductile. Les effets de fermeture des microfissures, de triaxialité des contraintes et de l’angle de Lode sont introduits pour influencer l’évolution de l’endommagement sous une large gamme de triaxialité des contraintes. La distorsion de la surface de charge est introduite via un tenseur déviateur qui gouverne la distorsion de la surface de charge. A des fins de comparaison, les courbes limites de formage sont tracées basées sur l’approche M-K.Des essais sont conduits sur trois matériaux pour les besoins d’identification et de validation des modèles proposés. L’identification utilise un couplage entre le code ABAQUS et un programme MATLAB via un script en langage Python. Après l’implémentation numérique du modèle dans ABAQUS/Explicite et une étude paramétrique systématique, plusieurs procédés de mise en forme de structures minces sont simulés. Des comparaisons expériences-calculs montrent les performances prédictives de la modélisation proposée / The objective of this work is to propose a “highly” predictive material model for sheet metal forming simulation which can well represent the sheet material behavior under complex loading paths and large plastic strains. Based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes framework, the advanced fully coupled constitutive equations are proposed taking into account the initial and induced anisotropies, isotropic and kinematic hardening as well as the isotropic ductile damage. The microcracks closure, the stress triaxiality and the Lode angle effects are introduced to influence the damage rate under a wide range of triaxiality ratios. The distortion of the yield surface is described by replacing the usual stress deviator tensor by a ‘distorted stress’ deviator tensor, which governs the distortion of the yield surfaces. For comparisons, the FLD and FLSD models based on M-K approach are developed.A series of experiments for three materials are conducted for the identification and validation of the proposed models. For the parameters identification of the fully coupled CDM model, an inverse methodology combining MATLAB-based minimization software with ABAQUS FE code through the Python script is used. After the implementation of the model in ABAQUS/Explicit and a systematic parametric study, various sheet metal forming processes have been numerically simulated. At last, through the comparisons between experimental and numerical results including the ductile damage initiation and propagation, the high capability of the fully coupled CDM model is proved