Lam Kwok Lim. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-126). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Presentations Derived from the Present Thesis Work --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iv / Abbreviations --- p.vii / Abbreviation Table for Amino Acids --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables --- p.xii / Contents --- p.xiii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Metallothionein (MT) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Classification of MT --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Structure of MT --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- Structure of MT Genes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Function of MT --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Regulation of MT Expression --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Fish MT --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.7. --- Aims and Rationale of the Present Study --- p.12 / Chapter 2 --- MT mRNA Induction of Tilapia After Intraperitoneal Injection of Metal --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Specific Aims of This Chapter --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Regents --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Purification of Total RNA --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Denaturing Gel and Vacuum Blotting of RNA (Northern Blotting) --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Hybridization --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Methods --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Purification of Total RNA --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Vacuum Blotting of Total RNA (Northern Blotting) --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Radioactive Labeling of Nucleic Acid Probes --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Hybridization --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Densitometric Analysis --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Calculation of MT mRNA Levels and Analysis of Results --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Endogenous MT mRNA Expression of Juvenile Tilapia and Carp --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Induction of MT mRNA Juvenile Tilapia and Carp Injected with Metals --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Endogenous Levels of MT mRNA in Tilapias in Normal Conditions --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Induction of MT mRNA Levels in Juvenile Tilapia Injected with Metals --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Copper Injection --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Zinc Injection --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Cadmium Injection --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Induction of MT mRNA Levels in Juvenile Carp with Zinc Injection --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- MT mRNA Expression of Tilapia and Carp Injected with Metals --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusions --- p.29 / Chapter 3 --- Induction Level of MT mRNA in Tilapia After Aqueous Exposure to Metals --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Specific aims of this chapter --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Material s and Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 96hours LC-50 values for zinc and copper --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Induction of MT mRNA in Juvenile Tiapias under Metal Aqueous Exposures --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Calculation of Fold Induction of MT mRNA and Analysis of Results --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Metal Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- LC-50 values of metals for Juvenile Tilapia --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Induction of MT mRNA in Juvenile Tilapia under Metal Aqueous Exposures --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Aqueous Exposure to Copper --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Aqueous Exposure to Zinc --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Aqueous Exposure to Cadmium --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Induction of MT mRNA in Juvenile Carp after Aqueous Exposures to Metal --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Aqueous Exposure to Cadmium --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Metal Concentrations of Water Samples from the Aquaria in the Metal Exposure Test of Tilapia and Carp --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- LC-50 values of Metals for Tilapia --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- MT mRNA Expression of Tilapias under Metal Aqueous Exposure --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Normalization of the Signals of Northern Blot Analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusions --- p.48 / Chapter 4 --- Field Study --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Specific Aims of this Chapter --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sampling Sites --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Data Analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Harvest of Feral Tilapia --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Determination of Metal Concentration of Metal Concentration in the Tissues of Feral Tilapia --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Endogenous MT mRNA Levels Using Northern Blot Analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Calculation of MT mRNA Levels and Analysis of Results --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Metal Concentrations in the Tissues of Feral Tilapia --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Comparison of Metal Concentrations Among Different Tissues of Feral Tilapia --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- MT mRNA Levels in the Tissues of Feral Tilapia --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Correlation Between Metal Concentrations and Endogenous MT mRNA Levels in the Tissues of Feral Tilapia --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Bioaccumulation of Metals --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Endogenous Levels of MT mRNA in the Feral Tilapia --- p.67 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusions --- p.68 / Chapter 5 --- Cloning of Tilapia MT Genes --- p.86 / Chapter 5.1 --- Specific Aims of This Chapter 、 --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Regents --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Preparation of Plasmid DNA --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Preparation of Genomic DNA --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Restriction Enzyme Digestion --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- Vacuum Blotting of DNA (Southern Blotting) --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.1.5 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.1.6 --- Transformation of E.coli Competent Cells --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.1.7 --- Nucleotide Sequence Determination --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.1.8 --- List of Primers --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.1.8.1 --- Primers for Nucleotide Sequence Determination --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.1.8.2 --- Tilapia MT Specific Primers for PCR --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Methods --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Preparation of Plasmid --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Preparation of Genomic DNA --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2.2.3 --- Preparation of Enzyme Digestion --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2.2.4 --- Vacuum Blotting of Genomic DNA (Southern Blotting) --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2.2.5 --- Radioactive Labeling of Nucleic Acid Probes --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2.2.6 --- Hybridization --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2.2.7 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Southern Blot Analysis of Tilapia Genomic DNA --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Analysis of the Sequences of Tilapia MT Genes --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.4.1 --- Amplification of MT Genes Using PCR --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.4.2 --- Cloning of the MT Genes --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.4.3 --- Transformation of E.coli Competent Cell --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.4.4 --- Nucleotide Sequence Determination --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Southern Blot Analysis of Tilapia Genomic DNA --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Amplification of MT Gene Fragments Using PCR --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Analysis of the Sequences of Tilapia MT Genes --- p.96 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.96 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Fish MT Genes --- p.96 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusions --- p.98 / Chapter 6 --- General Discussion --- p.104 / References --- p.107

O presente estudo aborda um caso de contaminação ambiental decorrente da operação de uma indústria de galvanoplastia e suas implicações na saúde da população de sua área de influência. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida através de um estudo de caso, com o objetivo de investigar a liberação de substâncias perigosas para o ambiente, avaliando o comprometimento atual e futuro da área exposta e da população local, visando identificar ações necessárias para analisar, mitigar e prevenir os riscos ao ambiente e à saúde pública. A metodologia utilizada para avaliar a contaminação ambiental e seus efeitos sobre a saúde baseou-se nos critérios de avaliação de saúde empregados pela Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry-ATSDR, quando da investigação em áreas suspeitas de contaminação. Esta avaliação consiste no levantamento de dados ambientais, na identificação das preocupações da população exposta com o problema e dos efeitos potenciais sobre a saúde, visando a indicação, para o órgão ambiental competente, da necessidade de estudos ou ações de saúde pública mais aprofundados na área. Para tanto, foram efetuados levantamentos das informações disponíveis sobre a indústria e a caracterização sócio-ambiental da área; investigação das fontes de contaminação e de sua propagação; identificação da população exposta, das principais vias de exposição e dos efeitos potenciais dos contaminantes sobre a saúde. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a presença de contaminantes emitidos pela indústria em todos os compartimentos ambientais pesquisados. Inicialmente supunha-se que o caso fosse resultante do lançamento de efluentes liquidos industriais fora dos padrões estabelecidos. Entretanto, a magnitude da contaminação indicou tratar-se de um caso bem mais grave, envolvendo a disposição inadequada de resíduos no solo e a referência à ocorrência de acidente industrial. Os principais efeitos identificados foram a contaminação das águas subterrâneas por poluentes químicos, a morte de dezenas de animais dos sítios vizinhos, a impossibilidade de utilização da área atingida para plantio ou criação de animais e os agravos à saúde referidos pela população, principalmente associados à ingestão das águas contaminadas. A situação encontrada tende a se agravar, devido à propagação da pluma de contaminantes nas águas subterrâneas, à incorporação dos poluentes no solo e sedimentos dos corpos d\'água, passíveis de serem liberados para o ambiente e, por outro lado, pelo atual crescimento da ocupação do núcleo residencial, que se estende ao longo da área contaminada. Com base no estudo realizado, recomenda-se uma investigação detalhada da área, com vistas à proposição e execução de medidas de remediação, tanto para a recuperação da área com o fim de se manter o uso atual da região como para a alteração de seu uso, buscando-se uma nova utilização compatível com a qualidade ambiental que venha a ser alcançada através da intervenção proposta. Recomenda-se ainda que as autoridades de meio ambiente e saúde pública efetivem ações no sentido de minimizar o risco da população exposta à área contaminada e à propagação da contaminação, monitorando a qualidade da fonte de abastecimento de água potável, fiscalizando o uso indevido de água do lençol freático, estabelecendo critérios para cultivos e criação de animais e propondo medidas para o isolamento das fontes de geração de contaminação remanescentes. / The present study approaches an environmental contamination case arising from an electroplating factory operation and its implications for the population living in the contaminated area. This research was developed as a study case to investigate the release of hazardous substances to the environment, assessing the current and future involvement of the exposed area and the local population in order to identify actions to analyze, mitigate and prevent damage to the environment and public health. The methodology to appraise environmental contamination and its effects on public health was based on the health evaluation criteria applied by ATSDR, whenever investigating probable areas of contamination. This evaluation consists of an environmental data survey, identifying the exposed population concerns about the problem and the potential effects on public health giving indication of the problem to the Department of Environmental Protection regarding the necessities for studies or deeper public health action within the area. Available information on industry and socio-economical characterization over the area such as investigation of sources of contamination and their propagation, identification of the exposed population from the ways of exposure and the potential effects of the contaminants on public health have been surveyed. The results indicated the presence of contaminants coming from the industry in all environmental effects surveyed. At first, the case was supposed to have resulted from industrial effluents not according to the required standards. Nevertheless the magnitude of the contamination proved to be a much more serious case involving inadequate disposal of solid waste in the soil and the reference to industrial accident occurrence. The main effects identified were contamination of the ground water by chemical pollutants, death of dozens of animais from the nearby little farms, impossibility of using the contaminated area to grow crops and raise animals, and the harmful effects to public health referred to by the population, mainly connected with contaminated water consumption. The situation encountered tends to get worse due to the spread of contaminated plume into the ground water, incorporation of pollutants in the soil and sediments of water collection which on one hand may be released to the environment, but on the other hand may extend along the contaminated area by the current increase of the residential nucleus occupation. Based on the this study, it is recommended that a detailed investigation of the area along with a proposal and carrying-out of the remediation measures not only for the recovery of the region to keep its present use, but also for its alteration searching for a new use of the area which could be compatible to an environmental quality reached by the intervention proposed. It is also recommended that public health and environmental protection authorities take measures to minimize the risk of human exposure to the contaminated area and the spread of the contamination by monitoring the quality of drinking water source supply, checking misuse of water arising from water bed, establishing criteria for cultivating and raising animais, and proposing measures to isolate the source of the remaining contamination.

O presente estudo aborda um caso de contaminação ambiental decorrente da operação de uma indústria de galvanoplastia e suas implicações na saúde da população de sua área de influência. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida através de um estudo de caso, com o objetivo de investigar a liberação de substâncias perigosas para o ambiente, avaliando o comprometimento atual e futuro da área exposta e da população local, visando identificar ações necessárias para analisar, mitigar e prevenir os riscos ao ambiente e à saúde pública. A metodologia utilizada para avaliar a contaminação ambiental e seus efeitos sobre a saúde baseou-se nos critérios de avaliação de saúde empregados pela Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry-ATSDR, quando da investigação em áreas suspeitas de contaminação. Esta avaliação consiste no levantamento de dados ambientais, na identificação das preocupações da população exposta com o problema e dos efeitos potenciais sobre a saúde, visando a indicação, para o órgão ambiental competente, da necessidade de estudos ou ações de saúde pública mais aprofundados na área. Para tanto, foram efetuados levantamentos das informações disponíveis sobre a indústria e a caracterização sócio-ambiental da área; investigação das fontes de contaminação e de sua propagação; identificação da população exposta, das principais vias de exposição e dos efeitos potenciais dos contaminantes sobre a saúde. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a presença de contaminantes emitidos pela indústria em todos os compartimentos ambientais pesquisados. Inicialmente supunha-se que o caso fosse resultante do lançamento de efluentes liquidos industriais fora dos padrões estabelecidos. Entretanto, a magnitude da contaminação indicou tratar-se de um caso bem mais grave, envolvendo a disposição inadequada de resíduos no solo e a referência à ocorrência de acidente industrial. Os principais efeitos identificados foram a contaminação das águas subterrâneas por poluentes químicos, a morte de dezenas de animais dos sítios vizinhos, a impossibilidade de utilização da área atingida para plantio ou criação de animais e os agravos à saúde referidos pela população, principalmente associados à ingestão das águas contaminadas. A situação encontrada tende a se agravar, devido à propagação da pluma de contaminantes nas águas subterrâneas, à incorporação dos poluentes no solo e sedimentos dos corpos d\'água, passíveis de serem liberados para o ambiente e, por outro lado, pelo atual crescimento da ocupação do núcleo residencial, que se estende ao longo da área contaminada. Com base no estudo realizado, recomenda-se uma investigação detalhada da área, com vistas à proposição e execução de medidas de remediação, tanto para a recuperação da área com o fim de se manter o uso atual da região como para a alteração de seu uso, buscando-se uma nova utilização compatível com a qualidade ambiental que venha a ser alcançada através da intervenção proposta. Recomenda-se ainda que as autoridades de meio ambiente e saúde pública efetivem ações no sentido de minimizar o risco da população exposta à área contaminada e à propagação da contaminação, monitorando a qualidade da fonte de abastecimento de água potável, fiscalizando o uso indevido de água do lençol freático, estabelecendo critérios para cultivos e criação de animais e propondo medidas para o isolamento das fontes de geração de contaminação remanescentes. / The present study approaches an environmental contamination case arising from an electroplating factory operation and its implications for the population living in the contaminated area. This research was developed as a study case to investigate the release of hazardous substances to the environment, assessing the current and future involvement of the exposed area and the local population in order to identify actions to analyze, mitigate and prevent damage to the environment and public health. The methodology to appraise environmental contamination and its effects on public health was based on the health evaluation criteria applied by ATSDR, whenever investigating probable areas of contamination. This evaluation consists of an environmental data survey, identifying the exposed population concerns about the problem and the potential effects on public health giving indication of the problem to the Department of Environmental Protection regarding the necessities for studies or deeper public health action within the area. Available information on industry and socio-economical characterization over the area such as investigation of sources of contamination and their propagation, identification of the exposed population from the ways of exposure and the potential effects of the contaminants on public health have been surveyed. The results indicated the presence of contaminants coming from the industry in all environmental effects surveyed. At first, the case was supposed to have resulted from industrial effluents not according to the required standards. Nevertheless the magnitude of the contamination proved to be a much more serious case involving inadequate disposal of solid waste in the soil and the reference to industrial accident occurrence. The main effects identified were contamination of the ground water by chemical pollutants, death of dozens of animais from the nearby little farms, impossibility of using the contaminated area to grow crops and raise animals, and the harmful effects to public health referred to by the population, mainly connected with contaminated water consumption. The situation encountered tends to get worse due to the spread of contaminated plume into the ground water, incorporation of pollutants in the soil and sediments of water collection which on one hand may be released to the environment, but on the other hand may extend along the contaminated area by the current increase of the residential nucleus occupation. Based on the this study, it is recommended that a detailed investigation of the area along with a proposal and carrying-out of the remediation measures not only for the recovery of the region to keep its present use, but also for its alteration searching for a new use of the area which could be compatible to an environmental quality reached by the intervention proposed. It is also recommended that public health and environmental protection authorities take measures to minimize the risk of human exposure to the contaminated area and the spread of the contamination by monitoring the quality of drinking water source supply, checking misuse of water arising from water bed, establishing criteria for cultivating and raising animais, and proposing measures to isolate the source of the remaining contamination.

Thesis (PhD.(Immunology)--Faculty of Health Sciences)-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc. Earth Sciences)--University of Waikato, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-147)

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-05-31T21:00:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Freire Marin Soares.pdf: 704573 bytes, checksum: bf544d5550ee825719abaa7a01a5e94c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-31T21:00:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Freire Marin Soares.pdf: 704573 bytes, checksum: bf544d5550ee825719abaa7a01a5e94c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / Cadmium is a metal that is widely used in industry. Cadmium exposure may result in a variety of pulmonary diseases. No studies have evaluated tracheal damage or even whether cadmium intake can damage the respiratory tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathological changes caused by cadmium poisoning via intake into the respiratory tract and the possible effects of water pH in the genesis of these changes. Ninety male Wistar rats were used and were divided into six groups (n=15): Group A received 400 mg/l cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in the drinking water at a pH of 7.0; group B received CdCl2 (400 mg/l) in the drinking water at a pH of 5.0; group C received CdCl2 (400 mg/l) in the drinking water at a pH of 8.0; group D received water at a pH of 5.0; group E received water at a pH of 8.0; and group F received water at a pH of 7.0. Animals were euthanized after 6 months. Samples of the lung and trachea were removed. The histopathological analysis was performed to evaluate the presence or not of the following parameters: 1. Trachea: inflammatory infiltrate and type of inflammatory cell; tissue congestion; muscle hypertrophy; non-neoplastic lesions of the mucosa; dysplastic lesions; benign and malignant neoplastic lesions; mucus type (acid or basic); and the number of goblet cells; 2. Lung: interstitial inflammatory infiltrate, inflammatory cell type and location; tissue congestion; interstitial fibrosis; emphysema; necrosis of the parenchyma; dysplastic lesions and the presence of benign and malignant neoplastic lesions. Animals exposed to cadmium had a mean of goblet cells in the trachea of 65.83 cells / 6 high-power fields (HPF), while the animals exposed to cadmium had 85.16 cells / 6 HPF (p = 0.012). Pulmonary emphysema occurred in 71.43 to 100% of the cases, while the non-exposed had emphysema in 6.66% to 15.38% of the cases (p <0.001). The respiratory tract is a target for cadmium-related deficits after intake; however, the pH of the water did not influence the development of these lesions. / O cádmio é um metal muito utilizado na indústria. A exposição ao cádmio pode desenvolver uma variedade de doenças pulmonares. Não há na literatura avaliação do dano traqueal ou mesmo se a ingestão de cádmio pode também provocar danos ao trato respiratório. O objetivo do estudo é investigar as alterações histopatológicas causadas por intoxicação por cádmio via ingestão no trato respiratório e os possíveis efeitos do pH da água na gênese destas alterações. Utilizaram-se 90 ratos Wistar, divididos em 6 grupos (n=15): A – solução de cloreto de cádmio (CdCl2 - 400mg/L) na água de beber com pH 7,0; B – CdCl2 (400mg/L) na água de beber com pH 5,0; C – CdCl2 (400mg/L) na água com pH 8,0. D – água com pH 5,0; E – água com pH 8,0; F – água com pH 7,0. Todos os animais foram eutanasiados após 6 meses após o início do experimento. Retiraram-se fragmentos do pulmão e traquéia. A análise histopatológica foi realizada para avaliar presença ou não dos seguintes parâmetros: 1. Traquéia: infiltrado inflamatório e tipo de célula inflamatória; congestão tecidual; hipertrofia da musculatura; lesões não neoplásicas da mucosa; lesões displásicas; lesões neoplásicas benignas e malignas; tipo de muco (ácido ou básico); e o número de células caliciformes; 2. Pulmão: infiltrado inflamatório intersticial, tipo de célula inflamatória e localização; congestão tecidual; fibrose intersticial; enfisema; necrose do parênquima; lesões displásicas e presença de lesões neoplásicas benignas e malignas. Observou-se que os animais expostos ao cádmio apresentarem média de células caliciformes na traquéia de 65,83 células/6 campos de grande aumento (CGA), enquanto que os animais não expostos apresentaram 85,16 células/6CGA (p=0,012). Enfisema pulmonar ocorreu em 71,43 a 100% dos casos, enquanto os não expostos apresentaram enfisema em 6,66 a 15,38% dos casos (p<0,001). Concluiu-se que o trato respiratório é alvo do cádmio também na intoxicação via ingestão, porém o pH da água não influenciou no desenvolvimento das lesões.

Xiao, Kang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-103). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.VI / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Albuminuria --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Albuminuria in adolescents/children --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Prevalence of albuminuria in adults and adolescents --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Pathogenesis of albuminuria --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- CVD and risk factors --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- The associations between microalbuminuria and CVD risk factors --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5 --- Heavy metals --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Definition of heavy metals --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Adverse effects of heavy metals --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Heavy metals exposure In Hong Kong population: the local scene --- p.28 / Chapter 1.6 --- MicroRNAs --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- The discovery of microRNAs --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- The biogenesis of microRNAs --- p.30 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- The function of microRNAs --- p.31 / Chapter 1.7 --- Hypothesis --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Methodology --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1 --- Population --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2 --- Laboratory assays --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1 --- Demographic and baseline clinical data --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2 --- Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- Microalbuminuria and heavy metals --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- Microalbuminuria and miRNAs --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Microalbuminuria, miRNAs, heavy metals and cardiovascular risk factors" --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6 --- miRNAs and heavy metals --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.62 / Chapter 4.1 --- Heavy metals and microalbuminuria --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2 --- Heavy metals and CVD risk factors --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3 --- Microalbuminuria and CVD risk factors --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4 --- miRNAs and Heavy metals --- p.76 / Chapter 4.5 --- miRNAs and microalbuminuria --- p.77 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.79 / Acknowledgement --- p.82 / References --- p.83