Abstract Three dimensional finite strain and kinematic data from the Resolution Island Shear Zone, Fiordland, New Zealand record the progressive evolution of a lower crustal metamorphic core complex. The Resolution Island Shear Zone is a mid-Cretaceous (~114-90 Ma) extensional shear zone that juxtaposes high-pressure (P~17-19 kbar) garnet-granulite and eclogite facies orthogneiss from the lower crust against mid-crustal (P~6-8 kbar) orthogneiss and paragneiss along a low-angle upper amphibolite facies ductile normal fault. In the lower plate of the Resolution Island Shear Zone the high-pressure garnetgranulite and eclogite facies gneissic foliations (S1) are attenuated by granulite facies extensional shear zone foliations (S2). Retrograde metamorphism marked by the breakdown of omphacite and garnet to amphibole and feldspar in S2 foliation records the unloading of the lower plate during extension. Continued extension localized strain into weaker amphibole and feldspar-bearing lithologies. Upper amphibolite facies shear zones anastomose around rigid lenses that preserve the S1 and S2 fabric. Upper amphibolite facies shear zone fabrics (S3/L3) that envelop these pods display a regional-scale domeand- basin pattern. These shear zones coalesce and form the Resolution Island Shear Zone. Coeval with the formation of the Resolution Island Shear Zone, a conjugate, southwest dipping, and lesser magnitude shear zone termed the Wet Jacket Shear Zone developed in the upper plate of the Resolution Island Shear Zone. Three-dimensional strain analyses from S3/L3 fabric in the Resolution Island Shear Zone show prolate-shaped strain ellipsoids. Stretching axes (X) from measured finite strain ellipsoids trend northeast and southwest and are subparallel to L3 mineral stretching lineations. Shortening axes (Y, Z) are subhorizontal and subvertical, respectively, and rotate through the YZ plane of the finite strain ellipsoid. This pattern reflects the dome-and-basin geometry displayed by anastomosing S3 foliations and indicates the Resolution Island Shear Zone developed in the field of constriction. Threedimensional kinematic results indicate a coaxial-dominated rotation of stretching lineations toward the X-axis in both the XZ and XY planes of the finite strain ellipsoid. Results suggest that a lower crustal metamorphic core complex developed in a constrictional strain field with components of coaxial-dominated subvertical and subhorizontal shortening. Mid-Cretaceous (~114-90 Ma) extensional structures exposed in Fiordland, including the Resolution Island, Wet Jacket, Mount Irene and Doubtful Sound shear zones and the Paparoa metamorphic core complex allows the reconstruction of a crustal column that describes the geometry of mid-Cretaceous continental rifting of Gondwana. The overall symmetry of crustal-scale structures during continental extension suggests kinematic links between flow in the lower crust and the geometry and mode of continental extension. This result is consistent with numerical models of lithospheric rifting that predict the lower crust has a primary control on the style of continental extension.

La lithosphère continentale peut s’étirer selon trois modes (rift large, rift étroit et Core Complex). En Asie de l’Est, une extension continentale a eu lieu de la fin du Mésozoïque au Cénozoïque et ne semble correspondre à aucun des trois modes actuellement définis. Cette période est caractérisée par un amincissement lithosphérique exceptionnel (>100 km), la présence de MCC, de bassins sédimentaires et une importante activité magmatique. Basé sur une approche multi-échelles, ce travail vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de cette déformation lithosphérique (jamais abordés) ainsi que du moteur de l’extension (encore vivement discuté). Pluridisciplinaire, cette étude apporte de nouvelles contraintes à partir de l’analyse de la déformation finie (ductile ou fragile), du magnétisme des roches (ASM, paléomagnétisme), de la géochronologie (U/Pb sur zircon et 40Ar/39Ar sur monograins) et de la gravimétrie. Différents objets reconnus, révélant des quantités d’extension différentes (MCC vs. pluton cisaillé), montrent que la croûte continentale se déforme de manière très localisée, par la mise en place de larges dômes extensifs séparant des domaines de « radeaux » ou « boudins » présentant une déformation faible à nulle. Par comparaison des données crustales et mantelliques (tomographie sismique, géochimie) disponibles, cette étude met en évidence que l’amincissement lithosphérique reconnu pour le Mésozoïque est principalement lié à un important flux thermique du manteau, l’extension n’ayant qu’un rôle limité dans cet amincissement (<20%). En outre, eu égard au gradient géothermique exceptionnellement élevé de la région, à la fin du Mésozoïque, il semble très probable que des MCC puissent s’être développés sans épaississement préalable de la croûte. L’analyse comparée des directions d’étirement dans la croûte et dans le manteau met en évidence le rôle majeur de la subduction des panneaux plongeants le long de la marge est-asiatique. Un modèle géodynamique a été proposé montrant le rôle du retrait successif des panneaux plongeants couplé à un phénomène d’érosion thermique de la lithosphère. / Continental lithosphere can be stretched according to three modes (wide rift, narrow rift, Core Complex). In East Asia, a continental extension occurred during the Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic times and seems to do not correspond to any of three modes currently defined. This period is characterised by an exceptional lithospheric thinning (> 100 km) with the presence of MCC, sedimentary basins and a huge magmatic activity. Based on a multi-scale approach, this work aims to better understand the mechanisms of this lithospheric deformation (never addressed) and the engine of the extension (yet highly debated). This study provides new multidisciplinary constraints from the analysis of finite strain (ductile or brittle), rock magnetism (AMS, palaeomagnetism), geochronology (U/Pb on zircon and 40Ar/39Ar on single crystals) and gravity. Different objects have been recognised, revealing different amounts of extension (MCC vs. sheared pluton), and show that the continental crust is locally highly deformed, with emplacements of large MCCs between "rafts" or "boudins" domains which are weakly strained to unstrained. By comparison of available crustal and mantle data (seismic tomography, geochemistry), this study shows that the lithospheric thinning recognised for the Mesozoic is mainly related to a major mantle heat flux, the extension plays a limited role in this thinning (<20%). In addition, given the exceptional high geothermal gradient in the region at the end of the Mesozoic, it seems very likely that MCC may have developed without pre-thickened crust. Comparative analysis of stretching directions within the crust and mantle highlights that the subduction of the (palaeo) Pacific plate along the East Asian margin may play an initial and major role during Late Mesozoic extensional event. A geodynamic model has been proposed to show the role of the successive retreat of subducting slabs coupled to a thermal erosion of the lithosphere.

Reconstructing the structural evolution of metamorphic core complexes is critical to understanding how large-magnitude extension is accommodated in the middle to upper crust. This dissertation focuses on the Miocene geometric and kinematic evolution of the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex in west-central Arizona, addressing controversial topics including the geometric development of mid-crustal shear zones, the formation of detachment fault corrugations, and the transition from detachment faulting to more distributed deformation. Detailed microstructural data from mylonites in the lower plate of the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault indicate that early Miocene mylonitization was characterized by consistent top-NE-directed shear and ~450-500°C deformation temperatures that varied by [less-than or equal to]50°C across a distance of ~35 km in the extension direction. The relatively uniform deformation conditions and strain recorded in mylonitized ~22-21 Ma granitoids are incompatible with models in which the lower plate shear zone represents the down-dip continuation of a detachment fault. Instead, lower plate mylonites initiated as a subhorizontal shear zone that was captured and rapidly exhumed by a moderately to gently dipping detachment fault system. Structural data and geologic mapping demonstrate that the prominent NE-trending Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault corrugations are folds produced by extension-perpendicular (NW-SE) shortening during core complex extension. Dominant NE-directed slip on the detachment fault was progressively overprinted by NW- and SE-directed slip associated with corrugation folding. Orientation patterns of upper plate bedding across the corrugations are compatible with folding about a NE-trending axis. Extension-perpendicular shortening in the lower plate is recorded by synmylonitic constriction and folding. Upright m-scale and km-scale lower plate folds parallel the detachment fault corrugations and developed primarily by postmylonitic flexural slip that was coeval with detachment faulting. The total amount of NW-SE shortening across the lower plate is ~10%, but the amount of NW-SE shortening recorded by the younger detachment fault is only ~1%. The relatively late-stage development of corrugations in the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex suggests that extension-perpendicular shortening was primarily driven by a reduction of vertical stresses through crustal thinning and tectonic denudation. Brittle fault data document the transition from large-magnitude, NE-directed extension to distributed E-W extension and right-lateral faulting. Following exhumation to brittle conditions, lower plate mylonites were extended up to ~20-30% by NE-dipping, syndetachment normal faults. Towards the end of detachment faulting, the extension direction rotated clockwise, and some portions of the Buckskin detachment fault record a transition from dominant top-NE slip to ENE- and E-directed slip. After detachment faulting ceased, E-W extension was accommodated primarily by steeply NE-dipping, right-lateral and oblique right-lateral-normal faults. The cumulative amount of right-lateral shear across the core complex is probably 7-9 km, which is the amount needed to restore the topographic trend of lower plate corrugations into alignment with the dominant extension direction. Postdetachment right-lateral/transtensional faulting across the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex reflects the increasing influence of the Pacific-North American transform plate boundary towards the end of the middle Miocene. / text

In the Basin and Range province of southwestern North America, Oligocene and Miocene normal faults are superimposed upon the Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary magmatic arc. This study examines tilted fault blocks containing dismembered pieces of porphyry systems, including pieces below and peripheral to ore bodies, that are exposed at the modern surface. Features in the magmatic-hydrothermal porphyry systems are used to place constraints on the style of extension in Arizona, and reconstructions of extension are used to examine the deep and peripheral portions of porphyry systems to provide a more complete understanding of porphyry systems as a whole. The Eagle Pass, Tea Cup, and Sheep Mountain porphyry systems of Arizona are examined in this study. In all the study areas, previous interpretations of the style of extension involved strongly listric normal faults. However, similar amounts of tilting observed in hanging wall and footwall rocks, as well as structure contour maps of fault planes, require that down dip curvature on faults was minimal (<1°/km. Instead, extension is shown here to have occurred as sets of nearly planar, "domino-style" normal faults were superimposed upon one another, including in the Pinaleño metamorphic core complex. Reconstructions of Tertiary extension reveal that sodic (-calcic) alteration is occurs 2-4 km peripheral to, and greisen alteration is found structurally below and overlapping with, potassic alteration. In addition, a preliminary reconstruction of extension across the Laramide magmatic arc reveals that the geometry, as revealed by known porphyry systems, is of similar scale to that of other magmatic arcs. These results help further the debate surrounding competing models of continental extension, and combine with previous work to provide a more complete understanding of the geometries of Arizona porphyry systems at the district and arc scale.

No description available.

L'étude présentée est une contribution à l'analyse du problème de l'extension tardi-orogénique dans les chaînes de montagne, qui intéresse depuis une quinzaine d'années de nombreux spécialistes de la lithosphère continentale. Des études slsmotectoniques, stratigraphiques, et j'analyse des populations de failles ont montré que le domaine continental égéen (Grèce) est largement affecté par une extension de type "arrière-arc" depuis au moins 13 Ma. U est reconnu que cette extension se superpose aux structures de l'orogénèse hellénique mésozoïquecénozoïque. Parmi les structures classiquement attribuées à la tectonique en chevauchement précoce, on distingue en particulier l'ensemble des déformations ductiles observées dans deux groupes d'unités à métamorphisme HP/ST traversant le domaine égéen. Le but de ce travail est de déterminer si, comme soupçonné depuis une dizaine d'années, une partie au moins de cette déformation ductile est le résultat d'une tectonique extensive et de préciser l'étendue, la cinématique et le contexte géodynamique de cette extension. Notre étude a consisté en une analyse 1 structurale du centre de l'Egée (îles des Cyclades et d'Eubée, domaine HP interne), examinant en particulier !a relation entre déformations ductile et fragile depuis l'affleurement jusqu'à l'échelle régionale. Les résultats de ce travail so nt les suivants: L'extension apparaît responsable de la plus grande partie de la déformation ductile au sein des unités HP ayant largement subi les effets d'un second épisode métamorphique dans le faciès schiste vert ou de plus haute température. Sur chaque île étudiée, une déformation progressive en extension est- reconnue, liée au développement d'une zone de détachement majeure se prolongeant jusqu'à environ 18-25 km de profondeur. Un déplacement important le long de la zone de détachement rend compte du refroidissement et de l'exhumation rapides de la croûte inférieure ductile qui vient former* localement un dôme métamorphique, ou "metamorphic core complex". Au moins deux -probablement trois- zones de détachement majeures sont identifiées à l'échelle du domaine centre-égéen, subparallèles et inclinées au nord, orientées NW-SE dans le nord-ouest des Cyclades et E-W dans le sud-est. Les inclinaisons initiales q\3 ces zones de détachement sont estimées entre 30 et 45°. La géométrie actuelle du système extensif implique que les détachements et les dômes métamorphiques associés interfèrent les uns aV9C les autres. Les données structurales sont en faveur d'un modele cinématique caractérisé par le développement séquentiel de zones de détachement synthétiqJes, dans une direction opposée. à la pente des détachements. L'extension par détachements identifiée dans la région centre-égéenne est précoce (Oligocène-Miocène inférieur, âge minimal: 22-19 Ma) et liée à.un contexte "arrière-arc" tardi-orogénique et post-épaississement. L'âge minima: de l'extension étant significativement plus ancien que l'âge de la collision entre Arabie et Eurasie ( 13 Ma), on en déduit que l'initiation de l'extension égéenne ne peut pô-S resulter de l'extrusion latérale de l'Anatolie depuis le front de la collision arabique vers l'Egée, ainsi qu'il est communément admis. Le contexte géodynamique permettant l'initiation de l'extension est probablement le développement de l'arc de subduction sud:~ hellénique tel qu'il existe encore actuellement.

The formation and evolution of metamorphic core complexes has been widely studied using low temperature thermochronometry methods. Interpretation of these data has historically occurred through the lens of the traditional slip rate method which provides a singular rate that unroofing occurs at temporally as well as spatially, and assumes unroofing is dominated by motion on a single master detachment fault. Recently, several new studies have utilized (U-Th)/He ages with a higher spatial density and greater nominal precision to suggest a late-stage rapid increase in the rate of unroofing. This analysis is based on the traditional slip rate method interpretation of broad regions of core complexes that display little to no change in age along the slip direction. An alternative interpretation is presented that instead of a change in slip rate, there may have been a change in the style of unroofing, specifically caused by the transfer of displacement from low-angle detachment faulting to high-angle normal faults. Apatite fission-track (AFT), and apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He (AHe and ZHe) analyses were applied to samples from the Santa Catalina-Rincon (n=8 AHe, and n=9 ZHe) and Harcuvar (n=12 AFT, n=16 AHe, and n=17 ZHe) metamorphic core complexes in an attempt to resolve the possible thermal effects of high-angle normal faulting on core complex formation. Samples from the Harcuvars were taken along a transect parallel to slip direction with some samples specifically targeting high-angle normal fault locations. The AFT data collected here has the advantage of improved analysis and modeling techniques. Also, more than an order of magnitude more data were collected and analyzed than any previous studies within the Harcuvars. The AFT ages include a trend from ~22 Ma in the southwest to ~14 Ma in the northeast and provide a traditional slip rate of 7.1 mm/yr, similar to previous work. However, two major high-angle, detachment-parallel normal faults were identified, and hanging-wall samples are ~3 m.y. older than the footwalls, indicating high-angle normal faults rearranged the surface expression of the distribution of thermochronometer ages to some extent. AHe ages range from 8.1 Ma to 18.4 Ma but in general decrease with increasing distance in the slip direction. ZHe ages generally range between 13.6 Ma and 17.4 Ma. A series of unexpectedly young AFT ages (10-11 Ma), given by three complete samples and distinct population modes in others, suggest that some parts of the range underwent a later-stage unroofing event possibly caused by high-angle faulting. Confined fission-track length distributions were measured for Harcuvar samples and modeled using the modeling software HeFTy to infer thermal histories and calculate local cooling rates. These imply a component of steady cooling in some parts of the range, evidence of a different departure from a single-detachment dominated model. / text

No description available.

Discrete (mm- to m-scale) mylonitic shear zones in the northeastern Harquahala metamorphic core complex, Arizona, show evidence of fluid-mineral interactions catalyzing deformation and metamorphism. Many contain a deformed central epidote vein with adjacent bleached haloes and flanking paired shear zones that indicate significant fluid-rock interaction during deformation. An integration of structural and geochemical methods was employed to understand timing, metamorphic conditions, and physiochemical processes responsible for producing the discrete shear zones. Field and microstructural evidence suggest the zones initiated on antecedent fractures. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses show a significant coaxial contribution to the shear, and quartz deformation predominately by prism <a> slip, along with some rhomb <a> slip, suggesting amphibolite-facies conditions during shearing. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analyses of quartz reveal higher water contents within shear zones than within country rocks, indicating fluid infiltration synchronous with shearing. Stable isotope analyses of quartz and feldspar from mylonites are consistent with an igneous or metamorphic fluid origin. Microstructural observations suggest that the zone morphology with epidote veins, bleached haloes, and flanking discrete paired shear zones was developed predominantly from reaction softening mechanisms. The increase in deformation from bleached rock to flanking shear zones is marked by progressive modal increases in biotite and myrmekite, and modal decreases in K-feldspar, and locally epidote and titanite. Myrmekitic textures recrystallized readily and resulted in progressively greater grain size reduction of feldspar, which aided in the progressive alignment and linkage of the biotite grains, which together concentrated the deformation in bands. Volume reduction resulting from some of the metamorphic reactions may have led to a positive feedback cycle among fluid infiltration, metamorphism and deformation. U-Pb isotope analyses of syn-metamorphic titanite yield an age of ~70 Ma, suggesting the shear zones formed during cooling of the Late Cretaceous (75.5±1.3 Ma) Brown’s Canyon pluton, consistent with their top-to-the-southwest sense of shear, rather than during top-to-the-northeast directed Miocene metamorphic core complex exhumation. Petrography, EBSD analyses, and U-Pb dating of titanite from other (non-discrete) mylonites in the area imply most formed synchronously with the discrete shear zone mylonites. Only rare, scattered mylonites show features consistent with metamorphic core complex exhumation. / text

De nombreuses failles à faible pendage (pendage inférieur à 30°) ont été décrites en domaine continental extensif depuis leur mise en évidence dans la province des Basin and Range (USA). Bien que les observations de terrain suggèrent, dans plusieurs régions, que le jeu d'une faille se produit à faible pendage dans la croûte cassante (Apennins, Italie ; Basin and Range, USA; Alpes orientales), l'activité sismique liée à ces failles est presque inexistante et est en accord avec les angles de blocage des failles prédits par la mécanique andersonienne associée à la loi de Byerlee. L'étude des Metamorphic Core Complex et de l'exhumation de détachements dans les Cyclades permet d'obtenir un modèle figé de la croûte continentale en extension. Le Metamorphic Core Complex qui affleure sur l'île de Mykonos se caractérise par une intrusion granitique (laccolite) dans le dôme migmatitique, recoupé à son sommet par un système de détachements composé de deux branches. La branche inférieure ductile du détachement met en contact la Nappe Supérieure Cycladique, constituée de métabasites, et le laccolite. La branche supérieure cataclastique du détachement juxtapose une unité sédimentaire molassique sur la Nappe Supérieure Cycladique ou directement sur le laccolite. Le détachement cataclastique conditionne la sédimentation syn-tectonique dans les bassins. Associée au réseau de veines contemporain du jeu du détachement, la déformation dans l'unité sédimentaire montre que le détachement cataclastique de Mykonos a été actif à faible pendage et à faible profondeur, au moins au cours des derniers incréments de déformation. La synthèse des données collectées sur les îles d'Andros, de Tinos et de Mykonos montre que les détachements nord-cyladiques peuvent être considérés à différents stades d'évolution comme une seule et unique structure d'échelle crustale (le Système de Détachement Nord-Cycladique) pouvant accommoder l'extension régionale et l'exhumation des roches de l'unité inférieure. L'étude de l'Anisotropie de la Susceptibilité Magnétique (ASM) dans le laccolite, couplée aux observations de terrain, a permis de mettre en évidence une rotation de l'unité inférieure du détachement de Mykonos autour d'un axe vertical, compatible avec les données paléomagnétiques disponibles dans la littérature. Afin de réconcilier observations de terrain et mécanique des roches, nous proposons un nouveau modèle de réactivation de failles en considérant la faille comme une fine couche déformable plastiquement, contrairement au modèle classique suggérant une dislocation avec des propriétés frictionnelles. Notre modèle permet alors d'inclure les variations volumiques de la zone de faille au cours du cisaillement, et notamment, de prendre en compte des coefficients de dilatation faibles voir négatifs (faille compactante), souvent observés en laboratoire ou sur le terrain. Notre modèle permet, en particulier, de déterminer les quantités de déformation plastique que peuvent accommoder ces failles au cours du cisaillement avant leur blocage. Les angles de blocage obtenus dans notre modèle varient peu par rapport au modèle classique de réactivation de faille, qui apparaît comme un cas particulier de notre modèle. La réactivation d'une faille à faible pendage en extension est alors possible complètement ou partiellement et peut être associée à la formation de veines et de failles normales dans l'encaissant. La réactivation est alors favorisée lorsqu'il s'agit d'une faille compactante et se produit en régime durcissant, suggérant ainsi un comportement asismique de la faille.