La mesure de la visibilité météorologique est un élément important pour la sécurité des transports routiers et aériens. Nous proposons dans ce travail de recherche un indicateur de la visibilité météorologique adapté aux caméras fixes de vidéo surveillance du réseau routier. Il est fondé sur le module du gradient sélectionné dans des zones dont le comportement suit une loi de réflexion de Lambert vis à vis des conditions d'éclairage. La réponse de cet indicateur est issue d'une modélisation fondée sur une hypothèse de la distribution des profondeurs dans la scène. Celle-ci est calibrée avec des données provenant d'un visibilimètre ou bien avec une carte de profondeurs issue d'un modèle numérique de terrain. Les estimations sont ensuite comparées avec des données de référence obtenues par un visibilimètre et montrent une erreur moyenne similaire pour des images prises dans différentes conditions d'éclairage et de visibilité météorologique / The measurement of the meteorological visibility is an important element for the safety of road and air transport. We propose in this thesis a meteorological visibility indicator adapted to video surveillance cameras of the road network. This descriptor is based on the module of the gradient selected in areas that follow Lambert's reflection law. The response of this descriptor is derived from a model based on the statistical distribution of depth in the scene. Calibration is performed with data from a visibilimeter, or with a depth map from a digital terrainmodel. The results are then compared with reference data obtained from a visibilimeter and show a similar mean error for images taken in different illumination and meteorological visibility conditions

This dissertation deals with the problematic of the free space optical link availability determination. For the presumption of the free space optical link unavailability we have to know statistical distribution of the atmospheric attenuations. In this work is also presented the measurement of these atmospheric attenuations with the specially designed optical link. Measurement is using switching of the two separate transmitters with wavelengths of 830 nm and 1550 nm. Presented statistic distribution let us determine the suitability of the link in the chosen locality during its design. Comparison of our measurement with other models like model based on the meteorological visibility is also presented. The last part of this work is focused on the preconditions for the hi-speed network bit error rate determination. Sample of the bit error rate measurement obtained by our designed bit error rate tester is attached.

This dissertation is focused on the determination of turbulent atmospheric transmission media properties. The concept of new method for turbulent attenuation designation is presented – the method of available power. This method comes from laser beam intensity profile analysis. The next point of this work is relative variance of optical intensity study. On the basis of experimental measurements relative variance of optical intensity is non-uniformly distributed in laser beam intensity profile. This non uniform distribution is subordinated to angular coefficient of intensity profile curve. Due to this information we can determine optimal laser beam shape to minimize influence of turbulent atmosphere.