No description available.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) and Maghemite (&amp / #947 / -Fe2O3) are well-known iron oxide phases among magnetic nanoparticles due to their magnetic properties, chemical stability, and nontoxicity. They have gained acceptance in several fields of application of nanomaterials such as magnetic recording systems, magnetic refrigeration, magneto-optical devices, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic separation techniques and separation and purification of biological molecules. Recently, there is a growing interest in the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a polymeric, glassy or ceramic matrix since the preparation of pure phase iron oxide composite material involves, presently, some difficulties partially arising from different oxidation states of iron which can lead to the presence of various oxides. Matrix support, in principle, modifies the properties of nanomaterials, thus opening new possibilities for the control of their performance. In addition, the chosen matrix, polymer or sol-gel, provides binding of the functional groups and also prevents grain growth and agglomeration. Therefore, extensive research is conducted on this subject. Sonochemical technique is an effective method to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles with many unique properties due to extreme reaction conditions. Besides, a microscopic mixing in the synthesis procedure is obtained because of the microjet effect which comes from the collapse of the bubbles. This effect creates relatively uniform reaction conditions. Thus, well-dispersed and stable nanoparticles are obtained by using ultrasound. In this study, &amp / #947 / -Fe2O3, maghemite nanoparticles are accommodated in an inert, inorganic, transparent and temperature resistant sol gel matrix to achieve stabilization. The nature and concentration of the salt used, evaporation conditions of the sols, the following heat treatments had been investigated and shown that they had great influence on the particle size and the final iron oxide phase in the sol-gel. The Fe2O3/SiO2 nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. In addition, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized via co-precipitation in the presence of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) in aqueous solution. PMAA, which was used as the coating material, prevents magnetite nanoparticles from oxidation towards a lower saturation magnetization iron oxide phases. In order to achieve small particle size and uniform size distribution of the magnetite nanoparticles in PMAA matrix, ultrasonic irradiation was applied during co-precipitation. The polymer coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle sizer, X-ray diffraction, (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques and zeta potential measurements.

No description available.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As nanopartículas de ferritas de manganês (MnFe2O4) tem sido de grande interesse por causa de suas notáveis propriedades magnéticas doces (baixa coercividade e moderada magnetização de saturação) acompanhada com boa estabilidade química e dureza mecânica. A formação de materiais híbridos/compósito estabiliza as nanopartículas magnéticas (NPMs) e gera funcionalidades aos materiais. Entretanto, não foi encontrada na literatura uma discussão sobre a síntese e as propriedades de polímeros polares reticulados à base de ácido metacrílico contendo ferritas de manganês na matriz polimérica. Assim, o objetivo desta Dissertação foi produzir partículas esféricas poliméricas reticuladas, com boas propriedades magnéticas, à base de ácido metacrílico, estireno, divinilbenzeno e ferritas de manganês. Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados compósitos de ferrita de manganês (MnFe2O4) dispersa em copolímeros de poli(ácido-metacrílico-co-estireno-co-divinilbenzeno), via polimerização em suspensão e em semi-suspensão. Foram variados os teores de ferrita (1% e 5%) e a concentração do agente de suspensão (0,2% e 5%). Além disso, foram testadas sínteses contendo a fase orgânica pré-polimerizada, e também a mistura da ferrita na fase orgânica (FO), antes da etapa da polimerização em suspensão. Os copolímeros foram analisados quanto as suas morfologias - microscopia óptica; propriedades magnéticas e distribuição das ferritas na matriz polimérica - VSM, SEM e EDS-X; propriedades térmicas TGA; concentração de metais presentes na matriz polimérica absorção atômica. As ferritas foram avaliadas quanto à cristalografia XRD. A matriz polimérica foi avaliada pela técnica de FTIR. As amostras que foram pré-polimerizadas e as que além de pré-polimerizadas foram misturadas as ferritas de manganês na FO, apresentaram as melhores propriedades magnéticas e uma incorporação maior da ferrita na matriz polimérica. Essas rotas sintéticas fizeram com que os copolímeros não apresentassem aglomeração, e também minimizou a presença de ferritas na superfície das microesferas. Em geral, todos os copolímeros obtidos apresentaram as características de materiais magneticamente doces além do superparamagnetismo. Foi constatado que o aumento da concentração do PVA e a diminuição da concentração da ferrita fazem com que os diâmetros das microesferas decresçam. Os resultados de TGA e DTG mostraram que ao misturar as ferritas na FO, a concentração de material magnético na matriz polimérica aumenta cerca de 10%. Entretanto, somente a amostra PM2550, pré-polimerizada e com as ferritas misturadas na FO (5% de ferrita e 0,2% de PVA), apresentou potencial aplicação. Isso porque as ferritas não ficaram expostas na superfície das microesferas, ou seja, o material magnético fica protegido de qualquer ação externa / Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles have been of great interest for their remarkable soft-magnetic properties (low coercivity, moderate saturation magnetization) and also for their good chemical stability and mechanical hardness. The formation of ferrite/polymer hybrid/composite materials not only stabilized the magnetic nanoparticles (NMPs), but also gives the materials new properties. However, it was not found in the literature neither the synthesis nor the properties of manganese ferrites in polar crosslinked polymers based on methacrylic acid. The aim of this Dissertation is to produce spherical particles of crosslinked polymers with good magnetic properties based on methacrylic acid, styrene, divinylbenzene and manganese ferrites. In this work, it was synthesized compounds of manganese ferrites (MnFe2O4) scattered at copolymers of poly(methacrylic-acid-co-styrene-co-divinylbenzene) by suspension polymerization and semi-suspension polymerization. The following parameters were evaluated: contents of ferrites (1% and 5%) and concentration of suspension agent (0,2% and 5%). Moreover, it was evaluated synthesis containing organic phases (FO) pre-polymerized and mixture of the ferrite to the organic phase, previous to the stage of suspension polymerization. The copolymers were analyzed as the morphology optical microscopy; magnetic properties and distribution of ferrites at polymeric matrix VSM, SEM e EDS-X; thermal properties TGA; concentration of ferrites at polymeric matrix atomic absorption. Ferrites were evaluated as the crystallography XRD. The pre-polymerized samples and those which the ferrites were mixed at the organic phase, showed better magnetic properties and higher ferrite incorporation at polymeric matrix. No agglomeration was found in the copolymers synthesized by these routes and also the ferrite presence was minimized on the microsphere surface. All copolymers presented soft-magnetic properties as well as superparamagnetism. It was observed that raising the suspension agent concentration and reducing ferrite concentration resulted in the decrease of the microspheres diameters. TGA and DTG results showed that mixing ferrites at the organic phase rises the concentration of magnetic materials about 10%. However, only PM2550 sample, pre-polymerized and with ferrites mixed with the organic phase (5% ferrite and 0,2% PVA), presented potential application as know ferrites presence was not detected on microspheres surface, hence, magnetic materials will be protected by any external action

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As nanopartículas de ferritas de manganês (MnFe2O4) tem sido de grande interesse por causa de suas notáveis propriedades magnéticas doces (baixa coercividade e moderada magnetização de saturação) acompanhada com boa estabilidade química e dureza mecânica. A formação de materiais híbridos/compósito estabiliza as nanopartículas magnéticas (NPMs) e gera funcionalidades aos materiais. Entretanto, não foi encontrada na literatura uma discussão sobre a síntese e as propriedades de polímeros polares reticulados à base de ácido metacrílico contendo ferritas de manganês na matriz polimérica. Assim, o objetivo desta Dissertação foi produzir partículas esféricas poliméricas reticuladas, com boas propriedades magnéticas, à base de ácido metacrílico, estireno, divinilbenzeno e ferritas de manganês. Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados compósitos de ferrita de manganês (MnFe2O4) dispersa em copolímeros de poli(ácido-metacrílico-co-estireno-co-divinilbenzeno), via polimerização em suspensão e em semi-suspensão. Foram variados os teores de ferrita (1% e 5%) e a concentração do agente de suspensão (0,2% e 5%). Além disso, foram testadas sínteses contendo a fase orgânica pré-polimerizada, e também a mistura da ferrita na fase orgânica (FO), antes da etapa da polimerização em suspensão. Os copolímeros foram analisados quanto as suas morfologias - microscopia óptica; propriedades magnéticas e distribuição das ferritas na matriz polimérica - VSM, SEM e EDS-X; propriedades térmicas TGA; concentração de metais presentes na matriz polimérica absorção atômica. As ferritas foram avaliadas quanto à cristalografia XRD. A matriz polimérica foi avaliada pela técnica de FTIR. As amostras que foram pré-polimerizadas e as que além de pré-polimerizadas foram misturadas as ferritas de manganês na FO, apresentaram as melhores propriedades magnéticas e uma incorporação maior da ferrita na matriz polimérica. Essas rotas sintéticas fizeram com que os copolímeros não apresentassem aglomeração, e também minimizou a presença de ferritas na superfície das microesferas. Em geral, todos os copolímeros obtidos apresentaram as características de materiais magneticamente doces além do superparamagnetismo. Foi constatado que o aumento da concentração do PVA e a diminuição da concentração da ferrita fazem com que os diâmetros das microesferas decresçam. Os resultados de TGA e DTG mostraram que ao misturar as ferritas na FO, a concentração de material magnético na matriz polimérica aumenta cerca de 10%. Entretanto, somente a amostra PM2550, pré-polimerizada e com as ferritas misturadas na FO (5% de ferrita e 0,2% de PVA), apresentou potencial aplicação. Isso porque as ferritas não ficaram expostas na superfície das microesferas, ou seja, o material magnético fica protegido de qualquer ação externa / Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles have been of great interest for their remarkable soft-magnetic properties (low coercivity, moderate saturation magnetization) and also for their good chemical stability and mechanical hardness. The formation of ferrite/polymer hybrid/composite materials not only stabilized the magnetic nanoparticles (NMPs), but also gives the materials new properties. However, it was not found in the literature neither the synthesis nor the properties of manganese ferrites in polar crosslinked polymers based on methacrylic acid. The aim of this Dissertation is to produce spherical particles of crosslinked polymers with good magnetic properties based on methacrylic acid, styrene, divinylbenzene and manganese ferrites. In this work, it was synthesized compounds of manganese ferrites (MnFe2O4) scattered at copolymers of poly(methacrylic-acid-co-styrene-co-divinylbenzene) by suspension polymerization and semi-suspension polymerization. The following parameters were evaluated: contents of ferrites (1% and 5%) and concentration of suspension agent (0,2% and 5%). Moreover, it was evaluated synthesis containing organic phases (FO) pre-polymerized and mixture of the ferrite to the organic phase, previous to the stage of suspension polymerization. The copolymers were analyzed as the morphology optical microscopy; magnetic properties and distribution of ferrites at polymeric matrix VSM, SEM e EDS-X; thermal properties TGA; concentration of ferrites at polymeric matrix atomic absorption. Ferrites were evaluated as the crystallography XRD. The pre-polymerized samples and those which the ferrites were mixed at the organic phase, showed better magnetic properties and higher ferrite incorporation at polymeric matrix. No agglomeration was found in the copolymers synthesized by these routes and also the ferrite presence was minimized on the microsphere surface. All copolymers presented soft-magnetic properties as well as superparamagnetism. It was observed that raising the suspension agent concentration and reducing ferrite concentration resulted in the decrease of the microspheres diameters. TGA and DTG results showed that mixing ferrites at the organic phase rises the concentration of magnetic materials about 10%. However, only PM2550 sample, pre-polymerized and with ferrites mixed with the organic phase (5% ferrite and 0,2% PVA), presented potential application as know ferrites presence was not detected on microspheres surface, hence, magnetic materials will be protected by any external action

Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo sobre a preparação e caracterização de microesferas poliméricas à base de poli(ácido metacrílico-co-divinilbenzeno) por polimerização por precipitação. As partículas foram sintetizadas e analisadas em diferentes condições de reação. Partículas esféricas políméricas foram sintetizadas na faixa de 1,66 - 8,41 m, assim como partículas no estado de microgel. As partículas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de espalhamento de luz dinâmica (DLS), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), adsorção de nitrogênio pelos métodos BET (Brunauer, Emmett e Teller) e BJH (Barret, Joyner e Halenda), microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e testes de razão de inchamento. A análise das partículas foi feita para verificar a influência da mudança na composição de comonômeros, grau de reticulação, relação de monômeros totais/diluentes em massa/volume (g/100 mL), e quanto à relação volumétrica de diluentes. Verificou-se que houve um aumento no tamanho das partículas e da resistência térmica com a diminuição da fração molar de MAA (ácido metacrílico). Na preparação de partículas com fração molar de 50% de MAA, e relação volumétrica acetonitrila/tolueno de 75/25, quanto maior a relação de monômeros totais/diluentes (g/100 mL), maior o tamanho e o rendimento das partículas. Com a mudança da relação volumétrica de diluentes, houve mudança nas características de porosidade, tamanho das partículas, e grau de inchamento das partículas, sendo que na relação volumétrica acetonitrila/tolueno de 50/50, houve formação de microgel / The preparation and characterization of polymeric microspheres based on poly(methacrylic acid-co-divinylbenzene) by precipitation polymerization was reported. The particles were synthesized and analyzed at different reaction conditions. Spherical polymer particles were synthesized in the range from 1,66 to 8,41 m, in addition to microgel particles. The particles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption methods by BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) and BJH (Barrett, Joyner and Halenda), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and swelling ratio tests. The particles analysis was made to determine the influence of the change in comonomer composition, degree of crosslinking, ratio of total monomers/diluents by weight / volume (g/100 mL), and the volume ratio of diluents. It was found that there was an increase in particle size and thermal resistance with decreasing molar fraction of MAA (methacrylic acid). In preparing particles with the mole fraction of 50% MAA, and volume ratio acetonitrile/toluene 75/25, the larger the ratio of total monomers/diluents (g/100 mL), the larger the particle size and yield. By changing the volume ratio of diluents, there was a change in the characteristics of porosity, particle size and degree of swelling of the particles, and in the volume ratio acetonitrile / toluene of 50/50, there was microgel formation

Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo sobre a preparação e caracterização de microesferas poliméricas à base de poli(ácido metacrílico-co-divinilbenzeno) por polimerização por precipitação. As partículas foram sintetizadas e analisadas em diferentes condições de reação. Partículas esféricas políméricas foram sintetizadas na faixa de 1,66 - 8,41 m, assim como partículas no estado de microgel. As partículas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de espalhamento de luz dinâmica (DLS), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), adsorção de nitrogênio pelos métodos BET (Brunauer, Emmett e Teller) e BJH (Barret, Joyner e Halenda), microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e testes de razão de inchamento. A análise das partículas foi feita para verificar a influência da mudança na composição de comonômeros, grau de reticulação, relação de monômeros totais/diluentes em massa/volume (g/100 mL), e quanto à relação volumétrica de diluentes. Verificou-se que houve um aumento no tamanho das partículas e da resistência térmica com a diminuição da fração molar de MAA (ácido metacrílico). Na preparação de partículas com fração molar de 50% de MAA, e relação volumétrica acetonitrila/tolueno de 75/25, quanto maior a relação de monômeros totais/diluentes (g/100 mL), maior o tamanho e o rendimento das partículas. Com a mudança da relação volumétrica de diluentes, houve mudança nas características de porosidade, tamanho das partículas, e grau de inchamento das partículas, sendo que na relação volumétrica acetonitrila/tolueno de 50/50, houve formação de microgel / The preparation and characterization of polymeric microspheres based on poly(methacrylic acid-co-divinylbenzene) by precipitation polymerization was reported. The particles were synthesized and analyzed at different reaction conditions. Spherical polymer particles were synthesized in the range from 1,66 to 8,41 m, in addition to microgel particles. The particles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption methods by BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) and BJH (Barrett, Joyner and Halenda), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and swelling ratio tests. The particles analysis was made to determine the influence of the change in comonomer composition, degree of crosslinking, ratio of total monomers/diluents by weight / volume (g/100 mL), and the volume ratio of diluents. It was found that there was an increase in particle size and thermal resistance with decreasing molar fraction of MAA (methacrylic acid). In preparing particles with the mole fraction of 50% MAA, and volume ratio acetonitrile/toluene 75/25, the larger the ratio of total monomers/diluents (g/100 mL), the larger the particle size and yield. By changing the volume ratio of diluents, there was a change in the characteristics of porosity, particle size and degree of swelling of the particles, and in the volume ratio acetonitrile / toluene of 50/50, there was microgel formation

The diploma thesis is focused on the preparation and optimization of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) selective for chymotrypsinogen A as well as on the use of these MIP as recognition entities in the sensor. MIP was prepared by suspension polymerization using a mixture of functional methacrylate-based monomers. Prepared MIP was optimized (e.g. binding properties, selectivity and isolation of chymotrypsinogen from a complex matrix of human breath) by capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection ( = 532 nm). Finally, the combination of MIP with quartz microbalances was demonstrated as a promising sensor for the detection of proteins from human breath condensate.

Yes / There are many polymers formed of acrylate monomers in existence. Here we interrogate four commonly-used examples and study how their solution properties are pH dependent, or how their state of ionisation can affect their solution properties. Poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid) are both polyelectrolytes, with ionisable functional groups that make them stimuli responsive, changing their hydrodynamic volume. Poly(acrylamide) is a mass-produced material used in a variety of industrial applications, often with an anionic and cationic co-monomer, which dictates both its efficacy and impact on the environment. Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) is a thermally responsive material with applications in smart bioengineering. In solution, these materials can interact with each other due to competing hydrogen bonding interactions. However, this interpolymer complexation is dependent on both the ionisation, and the conformational state, of the polymers involved. This review focuses on the results from fluorescence tagging and turbidimetric techniques.