Com o presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da interação entre a adição de monensina e diferentes níveis de nitrato de cálcio à dieta de bovinos como manipuladores do metabolismo ruminal. Foram utilizadas oito fêmeas bovinas da raça Nelore, com peso vivo médio de 519 ± 56 kg, alimentadas com diferentes níveis de nitrato de cálcio na dieta (0%, 1,5%, 3% e 4,5%) e adição ou não de monensina (30 ppm), sendo utilizado delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4 replicado, em um arranjo fatorial 2 x 4. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca e de água, comportamento ingestivo, digestibilidade aparente total, excreção dos nutrientes, degradabilidade ruminal, taxa de passagem, parâmetros urinários, pH ruminal e os parâmetros e produtos da fermentação ruminal. A coleta de conteúdo ruminal foi realizada no dia 25 antes (0), 3, 6, 9, e 12 horas após a alimentação matinal para quantificação dos produtos da fermentação ruminal, além da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e a contagem total e diferencial de protozoários. A interação entre a monensina e os níveis de nitrato de cálcio não foi significativa para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. O consumo de matéria seca apresentou redução de até 10% conforme o aumento dos níveis de nitrato de cálcio. Por outro lado, ao avaliar o comportamento ingestivo, observou-se que os animais passaram mais tempo comendo e menos tempo ruminando conforme o aumento dos níveis de nitrato de cálcio. Não houve efeito da monensina, nem dos níveis de nitrato de cálcio sobre a digestibilidade aparente, excreção dos nutrientes, degradabilidade ruminal, taxa de passagem. Entretanto, a monensina diminuiu a excreção de ureia na urina e a excreção dos derivados de purinas, consequentemente, diminuindo a síntese de nitrogênio microbiano (Nmic). Apesar disso, a eficiência de Nmic não foi alterada. Para os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, a inclusão dos níveis de nitrato de cálcio reduziu a produção de metano em até 32,4% sem afetar a produção dos AGCC, com exceção do ácido butírico, que apresentou redução de até 25,7%. Adicionalmente não observou-se efeito de ambos os aditivos sobre a concentração de N-NH3, contagem total de protozoários e pH ruminal. O nitrato de cálcio se mostrou eficiente em diminuir a produção de metano ruminal sem influenciar negativamente nos parâmetros de cinética e fermentação ruminal, demonstrando assim ser uma alternativa confiável ao uso na nutrição de ruminantes com vista a mitigação de metano, além de ser uma boa fonte de nitrogênio não proteico para a síntese de Nmic. / The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the interaction between monensin and different levels of calcium nitrate in the diet of cattle as manipulators of ruminal metabolism. Eight Nellore cattle, with initial average weight of 519 ± 56 kg, were fed with different levels of dietary calcium nitrate (0%, 1.5%, 3% and 4.5%) at four periods with 29 days each. The experimental design was composed by a replicate 4x4 Latin square design in a 2x4 factorial arrangement. The dry matter and water intake, ingestive behavior, total apparent digestibility, nutrient excretion, ruminal degradability, passage rate, urinary parameters, ruminal pH and the parameters and products of ruminal fermentation were evaluated. The ruminal content was collected on day 25 before (0), 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours after the morning feeding to quantify ruminal fermentation products, as well as the ammonia nitrogen concentration (N-NH3) and the total protozoa count. The interaction between monensin and calcium nitrate levels was not significant for any of the parameters studied. The dry matter consumption presented reduction of up to 10% as the levels of calcium nitrate increased. On the other hand, when evaluating the ingestive behavior, it was observed that the animals spent more time eating and less time ruminating as the levels of calcium nitrate increased. There was no effect of monensin, nor of calcium nitrate levels on apparent digestibility, nutrient excretion, rumen degradability, passage rate. However, monensin decreased the urine excretion of urea and excretion of the purine derivatives, consequently reducing the synthesis of microbial nitrogen (Nmic). Despite this, the efficiency of Nmic was not altered. For the ruminal fermentation parameters, the inclusion of calcium nitrate levels reduced the production of methane by up to 32.4% without affecting the production of VFAs, with the exception of butyric acid, which presented reduction of up to 25.7%. In addition, both additives had no effect on N-NH3 concentration, total protozoa count and ruminal pH was observed. The calcium nitrate was efficient in reducing the ruminal methane production without negatively influencing the parameters of kinetic and ruminal fermentation, proving to be a good alternative to use in ruminant diets in order to mitigate methane, besides being a good source of non-protein nitrogen for the synthesis of Nmic.

Beef cattle production is highly criticized because of the high use of land and water resources, and by the pollution (e.g., the gas methane in a cow’s breath and nitrogen in urine) produced by cows fed in feedlots. In contrast to feedlots diets and grasses, some plants (e.g., legumes) contain bioactive compounds (condensed tannins) that reduce pollution and enhance animal nutrition. In my research, I observed that cows grazing a tannin-containing legume (birdsfoot trefoil; BFT) had methane emissions similar to cows fed a feedlot ration with comparable weight gains. Cows in the BFT treatment gained more weight than cows grazing grass (meadow brome) or a legume without tannins (cicer milkvetch). Additionally, I estimated the potential areas in the state of Utah than can sustain birdsfoot trefoil production, with 412,250 ha distributed mostly in the Box elder, Cache, Millard and Sanpete counties. Thus, feeding tannin-containing legumes to cows is a viable alternative to feedlot rations, with greater levels of productivity than other pasture-based systems, which can lead to a more sustainable production of beef.

The following dissertation introduces the hazard of methane buildup in the gob zone, a caved region behind a retreating longwall face. This region serves as a reservoir for methane that can bleed into the mine workings. As this methane mixes with air delivered to the longwall panel, explosive concentrations of methane will be reached. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is one of the many approaches to study the gob environment. Several studies in the past have researched this topic and a general approach has been developed that addresses much of the complexity of the problem. The topic of research herein presents an improvement to the method developed by others. This dissertation details a multi-scale approach that includes the entire mine ventilation network in the computational domain. This allows one to describe these transient, difficult to describe boundaries. The gob region was represented in a conventional CFD model using techniques consistent with past efforts. The boundary conditions, however, were cross coupled with a transient network model of the balance of the ventilation airways. This allows the simulation of complex, time dependent boundary conditions for the model of the gob, including the influence of the mine ventilation system (MVS). The scenario modeled in this dissertation was a property in south western Pennsylvania, working in the Pittsburgh seam. A calibrated ventilation model was available as a result of a ventilation survey and tracer gas study conducted by NIOSH. The permeability distribution within the gob was based upon FLAC3d modeling results drawn from the literature. Using the multi-scale approach, a total of 22 kilometers of entryway were included in the computational domain, in addition to the three dimensional model of the gob. The steady state solution to the problem, modeling using this multi-scale approach, was validated against the results from the calibrated ventilation model. Close agreement between the two models was observed, with an average percent difference of less than two percent observed at points scattered throughout the MVS. Transient scenarios, including roof falls at key points in the MVS, were modeling to illustrate the impact on the gob environment.

Com o presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da interação entre a adição de monensina e diferentes níveis de nitrato de cálcio à dieta de bovinos como manipuladores do metabolismo ruminal. Foram utilizadas oito fêmeas bovinas da raça Nelore, com peso vivo médio de 519 ± 56 kg, alimentadas com diferentes níveis de nitrato de cálcio na dieta (0%, 1,5%, 3% e 4,5%) e adição ou não de monensina (30 ppm), sendo utilizado delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4 replicado, em um arranjo fatorial 2 x 4. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca e de água, comportamento ingestivo, digestibilidade aparente total, excreção dos nutrientes, degradabilidade ruminal, taxa de passagem, parâmetros urinários, pH ruminal e os parâmetros e produtos da fermentação ruminal. A coleta de conteúdo ruminal foi realizada no dia 25 antes (0), 3, 6, 9, e 12 horas após a alimentação matinal para quantificação dos produtos da fermentação ruminal, além da concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e a contagem total e diferencial de protozoários. A interação entre a monensina e os níveis de nitrato de cálcio não foi significativa para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. O consumo de matéria seca apresentou redução de até 10% conforme o aumento dos níveis de nitrato de cálcio. Por outro lado, ao avaliar o comportamento ingestivo, observou-se que os animais passaram mais tempo comendo e menos tempo ruminando conforme o aumento dos níveis de nitrato de cálcio. Não houve efeito da monensina, nem dos níveis de nitrato de cálcio sobre a digestibilidade aparente, excreção dos nutrientes, degradabilidade ruminal, taxa de passagem. Entretanto, a monensina diminuiu a excreção de ureia na urina e a excreção dos derivados de purinas, consequentemente, diminuindo a síntese de nitrogênio microbiano (Nmic). Apesar disso, a eficiência de Nmic não foi alterada. Para os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, a inclusão dos níveis de nitrato de cálcio reduziu a produção de metano em até 32,4% sem afetar a produção dos AGCC, com exceção do ácido butírico, que apresentou redução de até 25,7%. Adicionalmente não observou-se efeito de ambos os aditivos sobre a concentração de N-NH3, contagem total de protozoários e pH ruminal. O nitrato de cálcio se mostrou eficiente em diminuir a produção de metano ruminal sem influenciar negativamente nos parâmetros de cinética e fermentação ruminal, demonstrando assim ser uma alternativa confiável ao uso na nutrição de ruminantes com vista a mitigação de metano, além de ser uma boa fonte de nitrogênio não proteico para a síntese de Nmic. / The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the interaction between monensin and different levels of calcium nitrate in the diet of cattle as manipulators of ruminal metabolism. Eight Nellore cattle, with initial average weight of 519 ± 56 kg, were fed with different levels of dietary calcium nitrate (0%, 1.5%, 3% and 4.5%) at four periods with 29 days each. The experimental design was composed by a replicate 4x4 Latin square design in a 2x4 factorial arrangement. The dry matter and water intake, ingestive behavior, total apparent digestibility, nutrient excretion, ruminal degradability, passage rate, urinary parameters, ruminal pH and the parameters and products of ruminal fermentation were evaluated. The ruminal content was collected on day 25 before (0), 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours after the morning feeding to quantify ruminal fermentation products, as well as the ammonia nitrogen concentration (N-NH3) and the total protozoa count. The interaction between monensin and calcium nitrate levels was not significant for any of the parameters studied. The dry matter consumption presented reduction of up to 10% as the levels of calcium nitrate increased. On the other hand, when evaluating the ingestive behavior, it was observed that the animals spent more time eating and less time ruminating as the levels of calcium nitrate increased. There was no effect of monensin, nor of calcium nitrate levels on apparent digestibility, nutrient excretion, rumen degradability, passage rate. However, monensin decreased the urine excretion of urea and excretion of the purine derivatives, consequently reducing the synthesis of microbial nitrogen (Nmic). Despite this, the efficiency of Nmic was not altered. For the ruminal fermentation parameters, the inclusion of calcium nitrate levels reduced the production of methane by up to 32.4% without affecting the production of VFAs, with the exception of butyric acid, which presented reduction of up to 25.7%. In addition, both additives had no effect on N-NH3 concentration, total protozoa count and ruminal pH was observed. The calcium nitrate was efficient in reducing the ruminal methane production without negatively influencing the parameters of kinetic and ruminal fermentation, proving to be a good alternative to use in ruminant diets in order to mitigate methane, besides being a good source of non-protein nitrogen for the synthesis of Nmic.

Climate change is emerging as a significant challenge in terms of the response needed to mitigate or adapt to the predicted global changes. Severe impacts due to rising sea-level, seasonal shifts, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as storms, floods or droughts have become accepted by the scientific community as a real and present threat to civilisation. The most significant impacts are expected in the Arctic, the Asian mega-deltas, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and sub-Saharan Africa (IPCC 2007). There are two approaches to global climate change either mitigation or adaptation. This dissertation aims to provide the initial design concepts for a system to mitigate methane, a significant Greenhouse Gas (GHG), emitted from coalmines by ventilation air circulated through the underground workings. The VamTurBurner©, a Ventilation Air Methane (VAM) gas turbine based methane burning system, is proposed as a method of extracting the thermal energy from the VAM. A key aspect of the problem responsible for the difficulty in extracting the energy from VAM is the low concentration of methane in the high volume ventilation airflow. This approach recasts the concepts of combustion dynamics of a premixed fuel flow to that expected for VAM to ascertain the conditions conducive to combustion or oxidation of the methane in the ventilation air. A numerical model using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to study the combustion dynamics revealed that the temperature of the incoming ventilation air is a key variable related to the concentration of the VAM. Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling was used to study the design features needed to engineer a system capable of providing the required temperature of the incoming ventilation air. Applications for the available thermal energy are discussed in terms of the potential to generate electricity with steam turbines, provide space heating, produce hot water for many uses, and use the heat for industrial drying or as desired. The efficiency of the energy system is enhanced when the output from the amount of natural gas or electricity purchased is compared to the output enhanced by the addition of methane, considered as free. The VamTurBurner© concept, as described in this dissertation, appears to be a viable method of mitigating atmospheric methane in the pursuit greenhouse gas reduction.