Ph.D. afhandling, Roskilde Universitetscenter 2006.

In this masters thesis you can read more about my scientific project on the subject «communication at work». In the thesis I have tried to answer this question: “How do you experience communication at work?” I have used the scientific method Q methodology to answer the question. Q methodology as a method is also presented in more detail in the thesis. My scientific work has been done in a school organization in Norway. The participants have contributed in the project through sorting different statements about the subject “communication at work”. The participants have been asked if they agree, disagree or are neutral to the statements.. The statements have been shaped through theory about communication style, reaction and motive power, and have been adapted to the participant’s communicational universe. There have been 15 participants in the project. Through this the analysis of the information I got, I found a solution with three factors that showed me three different experiences of communication at work. Factor 1 is the safe and open, factor 2 is the likewise and concrete and factor 3 is the innovative and social. Finally, I have seen how this analysis of the three factors can be important for the individual,and for the whole company. / I denne masteroppgåva kan ein lese meir om forskingsprosjektet mitt rundt temaet «kommunikasjon på arbeidsstaden». I oppgåva har eg søkt å svare på problemstillinga: «Korleis opplev du kommunikasjonen på arbeidsstaden din?» For å svare på problemstillinga har eg nytta ein Q-metodisk forskingsmetode, som blir presentert i sin heilskap i oppgåveteksten. Sjølve forskingsprosjektet mitt har blitt gjennomført i ein skuleorganisasjon i ei fylkeskommune i Noreg. Deltakarane har deltatt i forskinga gjennom å sortere utsegn rundt temaet kommunikasjon på arbeidsstaden. Utsegnene ble sortert ut frå kva grad deltakaren opplevde det likt, nøytralt eller ulikt seg sjølv. Sjølve utsegnene har blitt utforma gjennom teori om kommunikasjonsstil, reaksjon og drivkraft, og blitt tilpassa deltakarane sitt kommunikasjonsunivers. Det har vore totalt 15 deltakara som ha deltatt i undersøkinga. Gjennom analyse av datamaterialet, har eg funne fram til ei trefaktorløysing som syner tre forskjellige syn på korleis deltakarane opplever kommunikasjonen på arbeidsstaden. Faktor 1 vert omtalt som den trygge og opne, faktor 2 som den likegyldige og konkrete og faktor 3 som den nyskapande og sosiale. Avslutningsvis har eg sett på korleis analysen av dei tre faktorane kan vere av tyding for den enkelte, samt for verksemda.

The purpose of the thesis is to gain insight into parents and teacher’s subjective views on cooperation between school and home. The study will show if the selection of people, consisting of parents of children with additional facilitation needs, and teachers of these children at the primary level have common or divergent experiences of cooperation. By studying the similarities and differences in the participants subjective views on cooperation, it will be possible to assess whether the study can be used as a basis for the guidance of participants. The study was conducted to answer the research question: Which subjective experiences, does parents and teachers have, in cooperation between school and home? Q-methodology is used to collect research material from selected persons, consisting of 9 teachers and parents. The individuals sorted 36 statements from their joint communication universe of cooperation between home and school, after three sorting instructions: How do you experience the cooperation today? Previous experience of cooperation with the school? How do you want that cooperation to be? It was revealed 2 factor views which was clearly defined by factor analysis. Factor 1 indicated that they have a common focus on the child's development. They say they are confident in themselves, and that mutual experiences, descriptions and knowledge contributes to good solutions, and strengthens both their competencies when they work together. Factor 2 felt that they were unable to agree on a common focus, because the other did not acknowledge their solutions. But they want to have a mutual relationship. The discussion was based on the findings and relevant theories on the relationship. / Formålet med masteroppgaven er å få innsikt i foreldre og læreres subjektive syn på samarbeid mellom skole og hjem. I studien vil man se om personutvalget bestående av foreldre til barn med ekstra tilretteleggingsbehov og lærerne til disse barna på barnetrinnet i grunnskolen har felles eller avvikende opplevelser av samarbeidet. Ved å studere likheter og ulikheter i deltakernes subjektive syn på samarbeidet vil man kunne vurdere om studien kan brukes som et utgangspunkt for veiledning av deltakerne. Studien er gjennomført for å få svar på forskningsspørsmålet: Hvilke subjektive opplevelser har foreldre og lærere av samarbeid mellom skole og hjem? Q-metodologi er brukt for å samle inn forskningsmaterialet fra et personutvalg bestående av 9 lærere og foreldre. Personutvalget sorterte 36 utsagn fra deres felles kommunikasjonsunivers om samarbeid mellom hjem og skole etter tre sorteringsinstrukser: Hvordan opplever du samarbeidet i dag? Tidligere erfaringer av samarbeid i skolen? Hvordan ønsker du at samarbeidet skal være? Det ble avdekket 2 faktorsyn som var klart avgrenset ved faktoranalysen. Faktor 1 ga uttrykk for at de har et felles fokus på barnets utvikling. De sier at de er trygge på seg selv og på at felles erfaringer, beskrivelser og kunnskap bidrar til gode løsninger og styrker begges kompetanse når de samarbeider. Faktor 2 følte at de ikke klarte å enes om et felles fokus fordi den andre ikke lyttet til deres løsningsforslag. Men de vil gjerne ha et gjensidig samarbeid. Drøftingen tok utgangspunkt i funnene og relevante teorier om relasjon.

The aim of this study has been to contribute to the sharing of knowledge and experiences related to the holistic assessment instrument PROFRÅD career service. The research is based on the use of Q-methodology, and 15 informants, all experienced in the use of PROFRÅD career service, have contributed to the research data. The informants have sorted a sample of 36 statements based on their subjective experience, regarding firstly consequences when using the assessment instrument in career counseling, secondly what the informants feel that the assessment instrument contributes to the counseling session and thirdly which career counseling perspectives career counselors bring in to the counseling session. Through factor analysis of the data material two factors were identified. These factors depict two different views on the subjective experience of the career counselors. The first factor has been named "Professional management of the counseling session", because the members of the factor is mainly concerned with facilitating reflection and awareness through structured review of the results from the assessment. The members also value the counselor’s role as a career counselor. The goal of the counseling session is action, and dedicating tasks to do after the session is meant to contribute to this. The second factor is called «Reflection and awareness without impact», and shows that influencing the client in his choice isn’t wished for. Instead the career counselor shall facilitate reflection as a process towards awareness and through this help the client to reach his goal. The members of this factor are also concerned with communicating the advantages and disadvantages of using assessment tools. In the discussion of this thesis these two views have been discussed in a theoretical context. The results show that the members of each factor have different approaches to the results of the assessment, thus leading to different paths towards the goal of action. The difference in approach consequently influences how they choose to fill their role as a career counselor. The thesis ends with a discussion of ethical awareness in use of assessment instruments. / Studien har som mål å bidra til kunnskaps-, opplevings- og erfaringsdeling om det heilskaplege kartleggingsverktøyet PROFRÅD karriereservice. Ei Q-metodisk tilnærming, der ein undersøkjer dei subjektive opplevingane og erfaringane til 15 karriererådgjevarar som er erfarne brukarar av kartleggingsverktøyet, har medverka til dette. Forskingsdeltakarane har ut i frå si subjektive oppleving og erfaring sortert 36 utsegner som omhandlar tre hovudområde. For det første, følgjer ved bruk av kartleggingsverktøy i karriererådgjeving, for det andre, kva kartleggingsverktøyet kan bidra med for karriererådgjevaren og for det tredje, kva karriererådgjevingsperspektiv karriererådgjevaren arbeidar ut i frå. Gjennom faktoranalyse av datamaterialet kom to faktorar til syne. Desse skildrar to ulike syn på erfaringar og opplevingar som karriererådgjevarane har i forhold til bruken av kartleggingsverktøyet. Den første faktoren har fått namnet «Profesjonell styring av rådgjevingssamtalen». Årsaken til dette er at medlemmane av faktoren er opptekne av å legge til rette for ein struktur som bidreg til refleksjon og bevisstgjering kring resultata frå kartlegginga. Vidare ser dei verdien av karriererådgjevaren si rolle i rådgjevingssamtalen. Målet med karriererådgjevinga er handling, som oppgåver i etterkant av rådgjevingssamtalen skal bidra til. Den andre faktoren har vorte kalla «Refleksjon og bevisstgjering utan påverknad». Dette viser til at medlemmane av faktor 2 legg særleg vekt på at ein ikkje skal påverke vegsøkaren i valet han skal ta. Ein skal heller legge til rette for ein refleksjons- og bevisstgjeringsprosess som kan hjelpe vegsøkaren mot målet. Vidare er ein i denne faktoren oppteken av å formidle fordelar og ulemper ved bruk av kartleggingsverktøy. I drøftingsdelen har dei to syna vorte drøfta og sett i lys av relevant teori. Det har kome fram at medlemmane av kvar faktor har ulik måte å arbeide med resultatet frå kartlegginga på. Dette førar til ulike vegar mot det same målet, som er handling. Dette får også følgjer for korleis dei vel å fylle rolla som karriererådgjevar. Til sist vert etisk bevisstheit i bruk av kartleggingsverktøy drøfta.

<p>Konačni rezultat koji se odnosi na prvi deo istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji ogleda se<br />u definisanju i evaluaciji modela optimizacije rangiranja op&scaron;tina i katastarskih<br />op&scaron;tina. Predložena metodologija, zasnovana na definisanom modelu, može u<br />značajnoj meri pomoći donosiocu odluke kod izbora op&scaron;tine ili katastarske op&scaron;tine<br />za pokretanje komasacionih projekata. Konačni rezultat koji se odnosi na drugi<br />deo istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji ogleda se u detaljnom definisanju i evaluaciji<br />modela optimizacije radova u fazi planiranja komasacionih projekata, koji<br />omogućava ostvarenje osnovnih ciljeva projekata: da se celokupan obim posla<br />izvr&scaron;i u zahtevanom kvalitetu, u predviđenom vremenu, sa planiranim tro&scaron;kovima i<br />potpunom eliminacijom ili ublažavanjem uticaja rizika na realizaciju projekta.</p> / <p>The final result which is related to the first part of the research in this thesis is<br />reflected in the definition and evaluation of optimization models ranking of<br />municipalities and cadastral municipalities. The proposed methodology is<br />based on a defined model can significantly help the decision maker in the<br />selection of municipalities or cadastral municipalities to start the land<br />consolidation projects. The final result which relates to the second part of the<br />research in this thesis is reflected in the detailed definition of the evaluation<br />model and optimization works in the planning phase of land consolidation<br />projects, which enables the realization of the basic targets of this projects:<br />that the entire scope of work perform in the required quality, in the allotted<br />time, the planned costs and complete elimination or diffusing of the impact of<br />risk on the project.</p>

<p>Disertacija obuhvata opis tradicionalne nastave engleskog jezika kao podsistema sistema obrazovanja i tradicionalne nastave engleskog jezika: jezičke sposobnosti i jezički elementi, nastavne metode, oblici i sredstva. Dostignuća informatičke tehnologije utiču na neophodne promene u obrazovanju. Model računarski podržane nastave engleskog jezika dat je kroz primenu servisa Interneta i kibernetskih i posebnih metoda nastave u računarskoj laboratoriji.</p> / <p>The dissertation presents a description of the traditional English Language teaching as a subsystem of the educational system: langauge skills and elements, methods, forms, aids.<br />The achievments of information technology make influence on necessary changes in education. It also presents model of Computer Assisted English Language Teaching and Learning applying the Internet services and kibernetics and special teaching methods in a<br />computer laboratory.</p>

<p>Uvod: Implementacija brojnih neuroradiolo&scaron;kih modaliteta je značajno uticala na način i efikasnost sprovođenja dijagnostike tumora mozga. Na osnovu neinvazivno dobijenih podataka može se postaviti diferencijalna dijagnoza, ali do sada nije potvrđena nijedna neuroradiolo&scaron;ka metoda koja može samostalno i konačno da postavi definitivnu patohistolo&scaron;ku (PH) dijagnozu. Stereotaksična biopsija je neurohirur&scaron;ka procedura kojom se, bez bitnog naru&scaron;avanja integriteta i funkcije moždanog tkiva, može obezbediti reprezentativni uzorak intrakranijalne tumorske promene radi sprovođenja PH i drugih specifičnih analiza, u cilju postavljanja tačne dijagnoze i potom primene adekvatnog lečenja. Cilj: Cilj ove studije je da se utvrditi mogućnost uzorkovanja reprezentativnog tkiva za postavljanje PH dijagnoze uz pomoć stereotaksične biopsije kod pacijenata sa tumorom mozga, kao i da se utvrdi vrsta i učestalost eventualnih komplikacija same procedure i postojanje korelacije između PH nalaza dobijenog stereotaksičnom biopsijom i rezultata sprovedenih neuroradiolo&scaron;kih ispitivanja. Materijal i metode: Sprovedeno istraživanje je bilo kliničko, prospektivno, a uzorak je činilo ukupno 50 pacijenata koji su bili hospitalizovani na Klinici za neurohirurgiju KCV zbog dijagnostikovane tumorske promene mozga i postavljene indikacije za stereotaksičnu biopsiju, u periodu od septembra 2016. godine do januara 2018. godine. Svi pacijenti koji su uključeni u studiju su u sklopu sprovedene dijagnostičke obrade imali načinjen magnetno rezonanantni (MRI) pregled glave na osnovu kojeg su se određivale morfolo&scaron;ke karakteristike tumora i vr&scaron;ila procena prirode tumorske promene mozga, a kod ukupno 25 pacijenata je dodatno načinjena MR spektroskopija (MRS) dijagnostikovane tumorske promene sa ciljem određivanja biohemijskog profila i dodatne procene i karakterizacije tkiva. Nakon sprovedene detaljne onkolo&scaron;ke obrade i adekvatne pripreme, se sprovodila kompjuterizovanom tomografijom (CT) navođena stereotaksična biopsija sa ramom u cilju uzorkovanja adekvatnog tkiva za PH analizu. U toku istraživanja procena uspe&scaron;nosti uzorkovanja reprezentativnog tkiva se vr&scaron;ila pregledom bioptata od strane patologa, a nakon procedure se kliničkim pregledom i kontrolnim CT pregledom glave utvrđivao stepen komplikacija. Rezultati: Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da su fokalni neurolo&scaron;ki deficit i moždani sindrom bili najče&scaron;ći klinički simptomi i znaci kod pacijenata kod kojih je indikovana stereotaksična biopsija tumora mozga. Prema MRI nalazu najzastupljenije su bile difuzne tumorske promene sa 36% udela u uzorku, zatim solitarne sa 34% i multifokalne sa 20%, a potom multicentrične tumorske promene koje su predstavljale 10% uzorka. Takođe, na osnovu MRI i MRS nalaza je oko 80% tumora procenjeno kao najverovatnije glijalnog porekla. U 95,9% slučaja je postavljena precizna PH dijagnoza. Nepromenjeno stanje svesti i neurolo&scaron;ki nalaz su imali 92% pacijenata nakon biopsije, a kod 3 pacijenta (6%) je do&scaron;lo do razvoja prolaznog neurolo&scaron;kog deficita, dok je jedan pacijent (2%) razvio trajan neurolo&scaron;ki deficit. Ukupan morbiditet vezan za proceduru je stoga 2%, a nije zabeležen ni jedan smrtni slučaj (mortalitet 0%) tokom sprovođenja studije. Zaključak: Stereotaksična biopsija je dokazana i veoma pouzdana procedura sa malim brojem komplikacija i niskom stopom morbiditeta i mortaliteta, kojom se omogućava dobijanje reprezentativnog uzorka tumorskog tkiva za postavljanje sigurne patohistolo&scaron;ke dijagnoze. Intraoperativna PH analiza dela uzorka tkiva dodatno pobolj&scaron;ava uspe&scaron;nost pri uzorkovanju i postavljanju definitivne PH dijagnoze. Savremene neuroradiolo&scaron;ke metode imaju visoku specifičnost u razlikovanju biolo&scaron;ke prirode tumorskih promena, ali se ne mogu koristi nezavisno od PH analize uzorka tkiva</p> / <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> 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5.4pt;mso-para-margin-top:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}</style><![endif]-->Introduction: The implementation of numerous neuroradiological techniques has significantly influenced the way and the efficiency in which the diagnosis of brain tumor is established. Based on non-invasive imaging data, a differential diagnosis can be made, but no neuroradiological method has been established so far, which can finally make a definitive diagnosis. Stereotactic biopsy is a neurosurgical procedure that can provide a representative sample of any intracranial tumor in order to performe histopathological and other specific examinations, and to set the exact diagnosis and then apply adequate treatment, but without significantly impairing the integrity and function of brain tissue. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic value of stereotactic biopsy and ability of providing the representative tissue in order to establish a pathohistological diagnosis in patients with brain tumors. Also, the aim is to determine the type and frequency of possible complications of the procedure itself and the correlation between the pathohistological findings obtained and the results of the conducted neuroradiological examinations. Materials and methods: This research was clinical, prospective and included a total of 50 patients who were hospitalized at the Clinical Center of Vojvodina, from September 2016 to January 2018, due to diagnosed brain tumor for which the stereotactic biopsy is indicated. In all patients magnetic resonance (MRI) examination of the head was used to determine morphological characteristics and assesse the nature of the brain tumor tissue, and in a total of 25 patients MR spectroscopy was additionally made with the goal of determining the biochemical profile and additional tissue assessment and characterization. After detailed oncological assessment, completed laboratory and radiological diagnostics, a CT guided framebased stereotactic biopsy was performed for the purpose of sampling tumor tissue for pathohistological analysis. During the research, the success rate of biopsy in providing the representative tissue and establishing the diagnosis was performed by a pathologist, and after the procedure, a clinical and a control head CT examination was used to review the rate of complications. Results: The results obtained showed that focal neurological deficit and psychoorganic syndrome were the most common clinical symptoms and signs in this study. According to MRI, the most common were diffuse brain tumors with 36% of the sample, then solitary with 34% and multifocal with 20%, followed by multicentric tumors representing 10% of the study sample. Also, based on MRI and MRS findings, approximately 80% of tumors are estimated to be most likely of glial origin. In 95.9% of cases, a complete pathohistological (PH) diagnosis was established. The unchanged neurological status was observed in 92% of patients after biopsy, and 3 patients (6%) developed a transient neurological deficit, while only one patient (2%) developed a permanent neurological deficit. The total morbidity associated with the procedure is therefore 2%, and no deaths (mortality 0%) related to the procedure during the study is recorded. Conclusion: Stereotactic biopsy is highly reliable procedure with a small number of complications and a low morbidity and mortality rate, which allows us to acquire the representative sample of brain tumor tissue and to establish a pathohistological diagnosis. Intraoperative PH analysis of acquired tissue samples further enhances the sampling performance and the setting of definitive PH diagnosis. Modern neuroradiological modalities have a high specificity in distinguishing the biological nature of brain tumors, but they still can not be used independently of the pathohistological analysis of the tissue sample.</p>

The aim of this study is to evaluate Malina&Pilch’s Social-Science Commentary on the Book of Revelation. As stated on the cover of the book, this commentary claims to be unique: “The first social-science commentary on this extraordinary book.” The question is whether the social-scientific method enhances the understanding of Revelation for modern interpreters? The method’s relationship with traditional exegetical methods is also examined. In order to evaluate any work on Revelation, it is necessary to make a thorough study of the apocalyptic. Revelation is an apocalypse and is traditionally understood as part of the apocalyptic genre. It is also necessary to make use of findings of the historical-critical method in order to understand questions regarding the author, date and place of composition of Revelation. The social-scientific method’s presuppositions and procedures are explained, as well as criticism against this exegetical method. This is followed by a discussion of Malina&Pilch’s commentary as part of the Social-Science Commentary on…-series, as well as Malina’s original work, On the Genre and Message of Revelation. It is clear that Malina&Pilch view Revelation as astral prophecy and John as an astral prophet. They interpret Revelation in the light of the first century Mediterranean sky. A case study of Revelation 12:1-18 compares Malina’s On the Genre and Message of Revelation, with Malina&Pilch’s Social-Science Commentary on Revelation and David Aune’s Revelation. In conclusion academic reviews and comments regarding this commentary are discussed. It is my opinion that this commentary adds the best value if it is used together with traditional historical-critical commentaries. Unfortunately, Malina&Pilch has ignored modern Apocalypse scholarship in their work. Their intense focus on astrology and trying to force the whole of Revelation into an astrological mould is the greatest weakness of this work. This commentary however definitely adds a new dimension to the interpretation of Revelation. It forces an interpreter of Revelation to acknowledge the importance of John’s social situation and the first-century Mediterranean world. / Dissertation (MA (Biblical Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Biblical and Religious Studies / MA / unrestricted

<p>Istraživanja su predstavljena u pet poglavlja. U prvom poglavlju Muzičko obrazovanje u ni&scaron;koj regiji pod Otomanskom vla&scaron;ću, prikazano je &scaron;kolstvo u okviru Otomanske carevine, dolazak prvog srpskog učitelja Spiridona Jovanovića u Ni&scaron; (1927), osnivanje srpske &scaron;kole i razvoj muzičkog obrazovanja u njoj. Drugo poglavlje Muzičko obrazovanje u Kneževini i Kraljevini Srbiji (1878-1914), donosi razvoj muzičkog obrazovanja i opismenjavanja u osnovnim &scaron;kolama, gimnazijama i učiteljskim &scaron;kolama, i doprinos &scaron;kolskih ansambala&nbsp; muzičkom životu grada Ni&scaron;a. U trećem poglavlju Muzičko obrazovanje za vreme bugarske opkupacije (1914-1918), govori se o ukidanju srpskih &scaron;kola, formiranju bugarske osnovne &scaron;kole i gimnazije i izvođenju muzičke nastave u njima. Čevrto poglavlje Kulturni uspon u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji (1918-1940), sadrži planove i programe za osnovne &scaron;kole, gimnazije i učiteljske &scaron;kole, govori o muzičkom obrazovanju učitelja, sadržaju i značaju muzičkih predmeta, formiranju horova i orkestara i izvođenju javnih koncerata. U petom poglavlju Nastavne metode i metodičari (1870-1940), prikazani su elementi nastavnog rada: obrada pesme po sluhu, notalno pevanje, primena intervalske i asocijativne metode. Govori se o prvim metodičarima nastave pevanja, Vladimiru R. Đorđeviću &ndash; poborniku notnog pevanja, prvim muzičkim udžbenicima i njihovim autorima.</p> / <p>The research work is presented in five chapters. The first chapter, Music education in lower region under the control of the Ottomans, is about the educational system as a part of the Ottoman Empire, the arrival of the first Serbian teacher Spiridon Jovanovic at Nish (1927), the founding of the Serbian school and development of musical education. The second chapter, Musical education in Principality and Kingdom of Serbia (1878-1914), is about the development of musical education and teaching in elementary schools, grammar schools and teachers&rsquo; academies and the contribution of the school ensembles to music life of the town of Nish. The third chapter, Musical education during the Bulgarian occupation (1914-1918), talks about the abolishing of Serbian schools, founding of Bulgarian elementary schools and grammar schools, as well as&nbsp; the teaching music in them. The fourth chapter, The cultural rise in The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1940), contains the curriculums of the elementary schools, grammar schools and teachers&rsquo; academies, facts about the musical education of the teachers, subject matter and the significance of the music subjects, forming of the choirs and orchestras and public performances. In the fifth chapter, Teaching methods and methodologists (1870-1940), some elements of the teaching process are shown: musical arrangement of a song by hearing ( perception by sound), singing from notes, the application of the interval and associational method. It is about the first methodologists of teaching singing, about Vladimir R. Djordjevic-a supporter of singing from notes, about the first textbooks and their authors.</p> / <p>The research work is presented in five chapters.<br />The first chapter, Music education in lower<br />region under the control of the Ottomans, is<br />about the educational system as a part of the<br />Ottoman Empire, the arrival of the first Serbian<br />teacher Spiridon Jovanovic at Nish (1927), the<br />founding of the Serbian school and development<br />of musical education. The second chapter,<br />Musical education in Principality and Kingdom<br />of Serbia (1878-1914), is about the development<br />of musical education and teaching in elementary<br />schools, grammar schools and teachers<br />academies and the contribution of the school<br />ensembles to music life of the town of Nish.<br />The third chapter, Musical education during the<br />Bulgarian occupation (1914-1918), talks about<br />the abolishing of Serbian schools, founding of<br />Bulgarian elementary schools and grammar<br />schools, as well as the teaching music in them.<br />The fourth chapter, The cultural rise in The<br />Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1940), contains<br />the curriculums of the elementary schools,<br />grammar schools and teachers academies, facts<br />about the musical education of the teachers,<br />subject matter and the significance of the music<br />subjects, forming of the choirs and orchestrasand public performances. In the fifth chapter, Teaching methods and methodologists (1870-<br />1940), some elements of the teaching process<br />are shown: musical arrangement of a song by<br />hearing ( perception by sound), singing from<br />notes, the application of the interval and<br />associational method. It is about the first<br />methodologists of teaching singing, about<br />Vladimir R. Djordjevic-a supporter of singing<br />from notes, about the first textbooks and their<br />authors.</p>

<p>Posmatra se problem minimizacije bez ograničenja. U determinističkom&nbsp;slučaju ti problemi se uspe&scaron;no re&scaron;avaju iterativnim Kvazi Njutnovim postupcima.&nbsp;Ovde se istražuje &nbsp;stohastički slučaj, kada su poznate vrednosti funkcije cilja i njenog gradijenta na koje je uticao &scaron;um. Koristi se novi način određivanja dužina koraka, koji kombinuje metod linijskog pretraživanja i metod stohastičke aproksimacije tako da zadrži dobre osobine oba pristupa i obezbedi veću efikasnost postupka. Metod je testiran u kombinaciji sa vi&scaron;e načina izbora pravca u iterativnom postupku. Dokazana je konvergencija novog postupka i testiranjem na velikom broju standardnih test problema pokazana njegova efikasnost. Takođe se za re&scaron;avanje problema ekvilibriuma u Neoklasičnoj ekonomiji predlaže i dokazuje konvergencija jednog Fiksnog Njutnovog postupka. U zadatku nalaženja re&scaron;enja za niz problema kojima se preciznije modelira slučajni sistem, ovaj Fiksni Njutnov postupak ostvaruje veliku u&scaron;tedu CPU vremena u odnosu na Njutnov metod. U prvom delu teze je dat op&scaron;ti teoretski uvod. U drugom delu je dat pregled relevantnih rezultata iz posmatranih oblasti zajedno sa dva originalna rezultata. U trećem &nbsp;delu su dati rezultati numeričkih testova.</p> / <p>The problem under consideration is unconstrained minimization pro-blem. The problem in deterministic case is often solved with Quasi Newton met-hods. In noisy environment, which is considered, new approach for step length along descent direction is used. The new approach combines line search and stoc-hastic&nbsp; approximation method using good characteristics of both enabling better efficiency. The convergence is proved. New step length is tested with three de-scent directions. Many standard test problems show the efficiency of the met-hod. Also, a new, affordable procedure based on application of the fixed Newton method for a sequence of equilibrium problems generated by simulation is intro-duced. The convergence conditions of the method are derived. The numerical results show a clear difference in the quality of information obtained by solving a sequence of problems if compared with the single equilibrium problem. In the first part general theoretical introduction is given. In the second part a survey of results from scientific community is given together with original results. The third part contains many numerical tests of new methods that show its efficiency.</p>