Student Number : 8906043R - MSc research report - School of Architecture and Planning - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / This study engages with community participation in post-apartheid South Africa, in an attempt to discern participation approaches that might enhance development in the upgrading of informal settlements within the Metropolitan Cities. The research attempts to come up with an intervention strategy that incorporates participation of Community- Based Organisations, Community leaders and society into informal settlement interventions in South Africa. It reviews the South African framework and structures for informal settlement community participation (including civic organisations, other community-based organisatios, and elected statutory representation). It then examines to what extent lessons from the International literature review 2003 study conducted by Thabelo Nethenzheni may be relevant to the South African situation.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-20T17:38:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL - Jaciara Lopes - MDU UFPE 2016.pdf: 4397702 bytes, checksum: c5f17736093b5729caad495df535e022 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T17:38:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL - Jaciara Lopes - MDU UFPE 2016.pdf: 4397702 bytes, checksum: c5f17736093b5729caad495df535e022 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / FACEPE / A pesquisa objetivou analisar as inter-relações e os conflitos existentes entre os usos e a gestão do espaço das calçadas, em cidades não-metropolitanas médias e pequenas, a partir das intervenções cotidianas dos indivíduos, adotando como estudo de caso, a área urbana do município de Carpina/Pernambuco, especificamente a Avenida Estácio Coimbra, localizada no Bairro São José e a Avenida Doutor Joaquim Nabuco, localizada no Bairro Centro. O interesse em investigar essa temática surgiu a partir da observação empírica da dinâmica do espaço das calçadas em cidades não-metropolitanas, nas peculiaridades, semelhanças e diferenças do espaço das calçadas das metrópoles, principalmente quanto aos usos, gestão, conflitos e inter-relações existentes nesse espaço. Sendo assim, questiona-se: Em que dimensões, os indivíduos influenciam nos usos, na gestão, nos conflitos e nas inter-relações no espaço das calçadas em cidades não-metropolitanas médias e pequenas? Há territórios no espaço das calçadas? E se há, como eles se dividem? Os procedimentos metodológicos elegidos para a execução deste trabalho consistiram: na pesquisa bibliográfica, onde foram considerados conteúdos referentes à formação e reestruturação do espaço urbano, dos espaços livres públicos e do espaço das calçadas; além da análise de leis, planos e normativas referentes ao uso e ocupação do solo no município; na observação empírica da dinâmica do espaço das calçadas na cidade; nas conversas informais com indivíduos citadinos, e; na aplicação de uma entrevista semiestruturada, realizada também, com os indivíduos citadinos, identificando inter-relações e possíveis elementos conflitantes nesse espaço. Através das informações recolhidas, almejou-se realizar um diagnóstico acerca dos usos e das funcionalidades encontradas no espaço das calçadas, analisando, por meio de um recorte físico/temporal, situações e/ou elementos conflitantes, bem como, a atuação dos usuários nesse espaço, apontando Carpina como um exemplo de cidade não-metropolitana, que pode apresentar características particulares em sua dinâmica urbana. Consolidando-se como uma temática pertinente, uma vez que busca compreender de que maneira as inter-relações e os conflitos, produzidos pelos agentes sociais, interferem nos usos e na gestão do espaço das calçadas nas cidades não-metropolitanas, a pesquisa busca contribuir para uma nova experiência urbana, reconhecendo que, embora existam leis contratuais fundamentando o desenvolvimento de um município, ao que Gomes (2002) define de nomoespaço, é possível encontrar uma realidade diferente, onde, as práticas socioespaciais, a força da amizade e os acordos de interesses, promovidos pelos citadinos, é quem define esse espaço, ao que o mesmo autor nomeia de genoespaço. Entretanto, ainda que alguns agentes sociais elejam diversos espaços nas calçadas, e, nesses espaços, firmem novos territórios, impondo sobre eles, novas regras de usos, de ocupação e de gestão, diferente dos códigos de conduta que regem o município, o espaço das calçadas necessita ser observado e apropriado, nas cidades não-metropolitanas médias e pequenas, como um espaço livre público, altamente democrático e sustentado por uma rica dinâmica urbana. / The research aimed to analyze the interrelations and conflicts among uses and space management of sidewalks, small and medium cities in non-metropolitan, through daily interventions of individuals, urban area of the municipality of Carpina/Pernambuco, specifically the Estacio Coimbra Avenue, located in Bairro São José and the Doutor Joaquim Nabuco Avenue, located in the Central District. The interest in investigating that topic it has emerged from the empirical observation of the space sidewalks in non-metropolitan cities, the peculiarities, commonalities and differences of space the sidewalks of cities, particularly as to the uses, management, conflicts and existing interrelations that space. Thus, the question is: In that dimension, the individuals influence in the use, management, conflict and on the interrelations space the sidewalks in cities small and medium non-metropolitan? Are there any territories within the sidewalks? And if there is, how did they divide? Methodological elected to perform this work consists of: in literature, in which they were considered contents related to the formation and restructuring of urban space, of public open spaces and space of the sidewalks; Apart from analysis of laws, plans and regulations concerning the use and occupation of land in the municipality; the empirical observation of dynamics of space sidewalks in the city; in informal conversations with townspeople individuals and; the application of a semi-structured interview, carried out also with the townspeople individuals, identifying inter-relationships and possible conflicting elements in that space. Through the collected information, aspired to make a diagnosis about the uses and functionality found within the sidewalks, analyzing, by means of a physical trimming / temporal positions and / or conflicting information, as well as the actions of users in that space, Carpina pointing as an example of non-metropolitan city, which may have particular characteristics in its urban dynamics. Consolidating its position as a relevant theme as it seeks to understand how the interrelations and conflicts, produced by social agents interfere in the use and management of space sidewalks in non-metropolitan cities, that research seeks to contribute to a new urban experience, recognizing that although there are contract law basing the development of a municipality, what Gomes (2002) defines nomoespaço, you can find a different reality, where the socio-spatial practices, the strength of friendship and the interests agreements, promoted by townspeople, is one who defines this space by the same author names of genoespaço. However even if some social workers may elect several spaces on the sidewalks, and in these spaces, get new territories, enforcing on them new rules of use, occupancy and management, different codes of conduct that govern the municipality, the space of sidewalks need to be observed and appropriate, in cities small and medium non-metropolitan, as a public space, highly democratic and supported by a rich urban dynamics.

During the last 25 years in law enforcement in the United States, there has been a universal practice of foot and/or bicycle patrols used to accomplish the goal of police patrol enforcement and the philosophy of community policing in metropolitan areas. These tactics of patrol have also been used in police departments in and around the State of Texas. This report is a research project on six major metropolitan police departments in the State of Texas, analyzing their allocation of foot and/or bicycle patrol units within their urban cities. The study assesses their early history in using these two police tactics to address criminal activity and their progression from foot patrol to bicycle patrol. The findings of this research support the proposition that major Texas police departments have adopted the practices and philosophies of other major urban police departments around the US, by using foot and/or bicycle patrols in their cities. There is evidence that major Texas police departments were using foot patrol during the early 1980s in support of community policing and gradually phased out this practice in the early 1990s to adopt the new enforcement tactic of policing on a bicycle.