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No description available.

acase@tulane.edu

abstract: Human land use and land cover change alter key features of the landscape that may favor habitat selection by some species. Lizards are especially sensitive to these alterations because they rely on their external environment for regulating their body temperature. However, because of their diverse life-history traits and strategies, some are able to respond well to disturbance by using their habitat in various ways. To understand how they use their habitat and how human modifications may impact their ability to do this, biologists must identify where they occur and the habitat characteristics on which they depend. Therefore, I used species occupancy modeling to determine (1) whether disturbance predicts the presence of two sympatric congeneric (species of the same genus) lizard species Sceloporus grammicus and S. torquatus, and (2) which habitat characteristics are essential for predicting their occupancy and detection. I focused my study in central Mexico, a region of prevalent land use and land cover change. Here, I conducted visual encounter and habitat surveys at 100 1-hectare sites during the spring of 2019. I measured vegetation and ground cover, average tree diameter, and abundance of refuges. I recorded air temperature, relative humidity, and elevation. I summarized sites as either undisturbed or disturbed, based on the presence of human development. I also summarized sites by ecosystem type, desert or forest, based on vegetation composition (i.e., desert-adapted vs. non-desert-adapted plants), evidence of remnant forest, air temperature, and relative humidity. I found that S. torquatus was more likely to be present in disturbed habitat, whereas S. grammicus was more likely to be present in areas with leaf litter, tree cover, and woody debris. S. torquatus was twice as likely to be detected in forests than deserts, and S. grammicus was more likely to be detected at sites with high elevation and high relative humidity, low temperature, and herbaceous and grass cover. These results emphasize the utility of species occupancy modeling for estimating detection and occupancy in dynamic landscapes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2020

Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments in the southeastern Acambay graben, central Mexico have yielded mammal fossils, including Equus simplicidens, cf. Rhynchotherium, ?Camelops, Mammuthus sp., Bison sp., and Antilocapra sp. The fossiliferous sediments include a period of lacustrine sedimentation in the late Pliocene-early Pleistocene that interrupted fluvial and alluvial sedimentation during the early Pliocene and Pleistocene. The sediments deposited in this late Pliocene paleolake record a history of lake level fluctuations, shown by lithologic variations in lacustrine sediments and abundance of vertebrate burrows. Volcanic and tectonic events in the Acambay graben were the major controls on sedimentation during Pliocene-Pleistocene time. Various local volcanic structures produced source rocks for Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments, and intra-arc extensional tectonics caused basin subsidence. Blockage of stream drainages by lava flows or perhaps increased basin subsidence contributed to the appearance of and fluctuations in the lacustrine system during the late Pliocene. Diatom assemblages from lacustrine sediments indicate slightly higher precipitation and humidity than present-day conditions in the Acambay graben. Therefore, climatic forcing may have also contributed to the development of the late Pliocene paleolake in the Acambay graben. Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic rocks in this part of the Acambay graben range from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. The calc-alkaline composition of these volcanic rocks is similar to others in the modern Mexican Volcanic Belt; they have a continental arc affinity, which is consistent with a tectonic setting within the Mexican Volcanic Belt. The major eruptive episode in the Acambay graben occurred during the early Pliocene, although volcanism, represented by small volcanic structures, continued until the late Pleistocene. This observed decline in volcanism in the Acambay graben correlates with a early Pliocene through Quaternary trenchward migration of volcanism in the Mexican Volcanic Belt.

La faune des bousiers des hautes montagnes du Mexique a été encore très peu étudiée. Des travaux ponctuels avaient été réalisés pour certaines montagnes, mais une analyse approfondie et simultanée de plusieurs massifs montagneux n'avait jamais été faite auparavant, en particulier avec une double approche, écologique et historique. Les chaînes montagneuses sont des systèmes extrêmement favorables pour analyser les influences biogéographiques et les interactions écologiques dans les assemblages d'espèces. L'objectif de cette thèse est de décrire et d'analyser la distribution et la richesse des Scarabaeinae, Geotrupinae et Aphodiinae de quatre massifs volcaniques dans la partie Est du Système Volcanique Transversal (SVT), qui se trouve dans la Zone de Transition Mexicaine (ZTM). Les zones de transition sont des régions remarquables où différentes lignées évolutives coexistent. Les montagnes échantillonnées sont La Malinche, le Cofre de Perote, le Pico de Orizaba et la Sierra Negra. Il s'agit de volcans situés dans la partie Est du SVT. La Malinche est séparée des trois autres volcans, lesquels présentent une certaine connectivité entre eux. L'importance de notre travail est basée sur le fait qu'il s'agit aussi du premier échantillonnage systématique effectué simultanément au Pico de Orizaba, à la Sierra Negra et à La Malinche, assorti d'une approche écologique et biogéographique. Pour chaque massif, nous avons utilisé trois techniques complémentaires d'échantillonnage : pièges appâtés avec des excréments, une collecte directe dans les stations et l'excavation des terriers des gauphres (rongeurs) pour y trouver les coléoptères associés à leurs déjections. Pour chaque volcan l'échantillonnage a été conduit à deux niveaux d'altitude, aux environ de 2800 m et à environ 3400 m, en prenant en compte les deux versants de chaque montagne, au vent (humide) et sous le vent (sec). L'échantillonnage a été réalisé durant trois années consécutives (2011 à 2013), pendant la saison des pluies (juin, juillet, août). Après la collecte et l'identification des coléoptères, nous avons comparé les affinités biogéographiques des communautés de bousiers de chaque massif. Les différences de composition et d'abondance ont montré que les affinités néarctiques, paléoaméricaines et mésoaméricaines de montagne prédominent dans ces massifs. L'abondance et la richesse étaient maximales aux altitudes moyennes et sur les versants au vent. La colonisation horizontale par les espèces est prédominantepour ces volcans. Plusieurs espèces nouvelles pour la science ont été découvertes grâce à ce travail : trois coléoptères coprophages (un Onthophagus et deux Aphodius), ainsi que six espèces nouvelles d'acariens phorétiques. D'une manière générale, les espèces montagnardes ont une dispersion ensuivant les chaines de montagnes ou l'Altiplano (Haut Plateau). Les espèces d'origine néotropicale présentent une distribution plus large et se trouvent plutôt à plus basse altitude. Quelques espèces avec des affinités pour le Haut Plateau se retrouvent à La Malinche sur le versant sous le vent et à une altitude moyenne. Les résultats ont permis de mieux définir la répartition des genres néarctiques, paléoaméricains et mésoaméricains de montagne dans le SVT, principalement pour les Aphodiinae. Ce travail constitue une base solide pour la connaissance de la distribution de cette faune dans ces massifs montagneux qui n'avaient jamais été étudiés en profondeur au Mexique. / High mountains' dung beetles fauna was still little studied. Punctual works have been done for some mountains, but a deep and simultaneous analysis that includes several mountains has never been done before, especially with a dual approach, ecological and historical. Mountain ranges are extremely favorable systems to analyze biogeographic influences and ecological interactions in species assemblages. This thesis objective is to describe and analyze the richness and distribution of Scarabaeinae, Geotrupinae and Aphodiinae of four volcanoes in the eastern part of the Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), located in the Mexican Transition Zone (MTZ). Transition zones are remarkable regions where different evolutionary lineages coexist. Sampled mountains are La Malinche, Cofre de PEROTE, Pico de Orizaba and Sierra Negra. These volcanoes are located in the Eastern part of the TMVB. Malinche is separated from the other three mountains which have certain connectivity between them. The importance of our work is based on the fact that it is the first systematic and simultaneous sampling performed at Pico de Orizaba, Sierra Negra and La Malinche, with both an ecological and biogeographic approach. For each mountain, we used three complementary sampling techniques, baited traps with feces, direct collection at each of the stations, and excavation of pocket gopher's burrows, to find the dung beetles associated with their droppings. For each mountain, the sampling was conducted at two altitude levels, one about 2800 meters and another one of about 3400 meters, taking into account both sides of each mountain, windward (wet) and leeward (dry). Sampling was conducted during rainy season (June to August) for three consecutive years (2011-2013). After the collection and identification of beetles, the biogeographic affinities of the dung beetles' communities of each mountain were compared. The differences in composition and abundance showed that the predominant pattern affinities are the Nearctic, Mountain Paleomaerican and Mountain Mesoamerican patterns. Abundance and richness was higher in the middle elevations and in the windward side. Horizontal colonization is predominant in these four volcanoes. Tree new dung beetles' species for science were discovered thanks to this work (one Onthophagus and two Aphodiinae) as well as six phoretic mite new species. In general, montane species have a dispersion following the mountain ranges or the high lands of the High Plateau. Species with a Neotropical affinity were found to have a wider distribution and found instead at the low altitude range. The High Plateau affinity species were found mainly at the leeward side and at the lower altitude range in La Malinche. These results have helped to define the distribution of Nearctic, Montane Paleoamerican and Montane Mesoamerican genera in the SVT, mainly for Aphodiinae. This work provides a solid basis of knowledge of the distribution of this fauna in these four mountains, which had never been studied extensively in Mexico.