Nous reportons dans ce travail le comportement mécanique, dans le régime solide et en écoulement, de matériaux granulaires liés par un liquide non saturant, qui intervient par sa viscosité et par des effets capillaires. De tels matériaux, intermédiaires entre les assemblages granulaires secs et les suspensions très concentrées, sont étudiés expérimentalement et par simulations discrètes depuis la microstructure jusqu'au comportement macroscopique. Ainsi, on adopte une démarche multi-échelle, dont l’objectif est d’établir les fondements de la compréhension des phénomènes capillaires et/ou visqueux, qui interviennent dans la formulation de lois de comportement, et d'y intégrer une caractérisation de la microstructure de ces matériaux. Nous nous intéressons notamment au modèle d'interactions capillaire et visqueuse par ponts simples, dans un cadre où l'on fait varier l'inertie, le degré de confinement, le degré de friction du matériau ainsi que la quantité de liquide introduite. Pour répondre à cet objectif, ce travail de thèse s’articule autour des trois volets suivants :- Un travail de rhéologie expérimentale macroscopique sur matériau modèle (billes de polystyrènes monodisperses, mouillées avec une huile de silicone newtonienne) qui nous permet de délimiter des régimes d'écoulement et de caractériser l'influence de l'effet cohésif. Le format expérimental adopté nous permet de cisailler les échantillons sur des temps très longs et d'atteindre des régimes d'écoulement stationnaires. Ainsi, à l'instar des matériaux secs, on retrouve des régimes quasistatiques puis inertiels à mesure que la vitesse d'écoulement augmente. On met aussi en avant une très forte influence de l'effet cohésif qui tend à augmenter drastiquement la résistance au cisaillement et à diminuer la compacité de nos échantillons.- Des expériences de microtomographie à rayons X qui permettent d'étudier la microstructure à l'état statique. On remarque notamment une bonne homogénéité des échantillons, qu'ils soient faiblement ou fortement saturés. On détecte aussi un nombre non-négligeable de morphologies capillaires complexes, ce qui, par comparaison aux résultats de rhéologie macroscopique, ne semble pas influencer les propriétés d'écoulement. Ce résultat est particulièrement intéressant puisqu’il montre la capacité du modèle d’interactions par pont simple à décrire le comportement de systèmes à priori hors de sa portée descriptive.- Des simulations numériques discrètes qui nous permettent d'élargir fortement la gamme de paramètres étudiés, notamment avec des caractéristiques du matériau comme la friction de Coulomb. L'étude micromécanique, permise par les simulations, autorise aussi l'analyse des questions d'anisotropie, de coordination et de contraintes capillaires. On met en avant l'importance des interactions capillaires à distance lors de l'utilisation d'un modèle de contraintes effectives. Les limites de ce modèle, usuellement adapté à la description du comportement en régime quasi-statique, sont aussi testées et discutées dans le régime inertiel. La bonne concordance entre résultats expérimentaux et numériques nous aura permis de valider et calibrer un modèle numérique qui, en retour, aura donc fourni une analyse viable des effets microstructurels pour la compréhension du comportement et la transition de l'échelle microscopique à l'échelle macroscopique / With this doctoral research, we report on the solid and liquid-like mechanical behaviors of wet granular materials, which exhibit viscous and capillary effects. Such systems, standing between dry and immersed granular materials, are studied both in experiments and discrete numerical simulations, from the microstructural aspects to the mechanical behavior. We therefore adopt a multiscale approach whose purposes are to understand the origins and roles of capillary and viscous effects in constitutive laws and to include a microstructural description within these laws. We are interested in the simple bridge model for the illustration of viscous and capillary effects in the case of quasistatic and inertial flows, where the confining forces, the Coulomb friction and the liquid quantity can vary. To answer such questions, this thesis is articulated around the 3 following topics :- A study based on macroscopic rheological experiments with a simple model material (monodisperse polystyrene beads, wetted with a Newtonian silicon oil) which enables us to distinguish the flow regimes and to characterize the influence of cohesive effects. The experimental framework allows for long time shearing experiments, where the materials can reach their steady state behavior. Alike dry systems, wet granular materials still exhibit a quasistatic and an inertial regime with increasing flow velocity. We show the noticeable influence of capillary effects which strongly increases the shear resistance and reduces the materials density.- X-ray microtomographic experiments enabling the microstructural study of static samples. We witness a good homogeneity of our samples whether slightly or strongly saturated. A non-negligible number of very complex capillary bonds were detected, which stresses, when compared with macroscopic rheological results, their lack of influence on the flow properties. This result is very noticeable as it demonstrates the ability of the simple bridge model to illustrate the behavior of materials which would not be included a priori within its reach.- Discrete numerical simulations allowing us to strongly improve the range of the parameters of the study, especially in the case of material characteristics such as Coulomb friction. The micromechanical study emerging from simulations, allows us to analyze anisotropy, coordination and capillary stresses questions. We underline the great importance of long-range capillary interactions when using an effective stress model. The limits of such model, usually adopted to describe the behavior in the quasistatic regime, are also tested and debated in the inertial regime. The good agreement between numerical and experimental results enabled us to validate and calibrate a numerical model which, in return, offered a reliable analysis of microstructural effects for the understanding of the mechanical behavior and for the transition from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale

The aim of this work is the development of mechanical models on a mesoscopic level for the analytical description of the material properties of textile reinforced concrete (TRC). For the modelling of the heterogeneous structure of TRC the concept of representative volume elements (RVE) is used. RVEs are representative for the mesoscopic structure. The overall material behaviour on the macroscopic level is obtained by means of homogenisation of the heterogeneous material behaviour on the mesoscopic level. Based on the micro mechanical solution of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion according to Eshelby a model for the determination of the material behaviour for multi-directional reinforced finegrained concrete is developed. An effective field approximation considers the interaction of the differentially orientated reinforcements in an averaged sense. Microcracks are included by additional strains in the representative volume element. The average interaction between the microcracks and the reinforcements is considered by an effective field approximation. As a criteria for the initiation of the macro cracking a critical microcrack density parameter is implemented in the mechanical model. The microcracks accumulate to macrocracks if the microcrack density parameter in the RVE exceeds this critical value. For the mechanical modelling of the bond behaviour between roving and matrix after macro cracking a multiple linear shear stress-slip relation is used. This shear stress-slip relation considers adhesion, damage and failure of the interface between roving and matrix. Hence experimentally measured pullout force-displacement curves can be simulated realistically. / Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung mechanischer Modelle auf der Mesoebene zur analytischen Beschreibung des makroskopischen Materialverhaltens von textilbewehrtem Feinbeton. Für die Modellierung der heterogenen Struktur wird das Konzept der repräsentativen Volumenelemente (RVE), die für die Mesostruktur des betrachteten Verbundwerkstoffes repräsentativ sind, verwendet. Der Übergang von dem heterogenen Materialverhalten auf der Mesoebene zum mittleren Materialverhalten auf der Makroebene erfolgt mittels Homogenisierung. Auf Basis der mikromechanischen Grundlösung für ellipsoidförmige Einschlüsse nach Eshelby wird ein Modell entwickelt, das die Ermittlung des Materialverhaltens von multidirektional bewehrtem Feinbeton ermöglicht. Durch die Anwendung einer Effektive-Feld-Theorie wird die gegenseitige Beeinflussung der unterschiedlich orientierten Bewehrungen in einem gemittelten Sinn betrachtet. Die ab einer bestimmten makroskopischen Beanspruchung entstehenden Mikrorisse berücksichtigt das mechanische Modell über einen durch die Mikrorisse hervorgerufenen zusätzlichen Verzerrungsanteil im RVE. Mittels der verwendeten Effektive-Feld-Theorie kann eine mittlere Beeinflussung zwischen den Mikrorissen und der Rovingbewehrung erfasst werden. Für den Übergang von der Mikrorissbildung zur Makrorissbildung wird für das mechanische Modell der Begriff einer maximalen Mikrorissdichte eingeführt. Überschreitet die Mikrorissdichte im RVE diesen maximalen Wert, vereinigen sich die Mikrorisse zu Makrorissen. Zur Beschreibung des mechanischen Verbundverhaltens zwischen Roving und Matrix beim Rovingauszug am Makroriss wird eine multilineare Schubspannungs-Schlupf-Beziehung verwendet, welche die Schädigung des Roving-Matrix-Verbundes bis hin zum vollständigen Versagen erfasst. Damit lassen sich experimentell ermittelte Kraft-Verformungskurven an Zugproben wirklichkeitsnah abbilden.

This dissertation concerns quasistatic torsional mirror's for optical applications. The intended main area of application is the use as switch in optical network's, replacing the conventional optical-electro-optical conversation. With these actuator's a new concept of electrostatic actuation has been realised. While the drive electrodes are integrated into the deflectable mirror, the whole counter electrode below the mirror plate remains at equal ground potential. The device is manufactured out of two parts using method's of silicon bulk mikro machining. A deflectable mirror plate, torsional spring's and the surrounding support structure are fabricated within the thin device layer at the top of BSOI material. The counter electrode is manufactured out of a highly doped silicon wafer. Both part's are assembled together by adhesive bonding at die level at the end. Since the driving potential is supplied to the mirror plate and the counter electrode is at ground level, lateral tolerances because of device assembly mismatches does not appear with the use of the new concept. In detail the mirror plate itself is divided into two seperate electrodes by a parallel arrangement of filled isolating trenches. The highly doped device layer provides electrical connection via the torsional spring's to the mirror electrodes. A quasistatic torsional actuation is performed if a dc-voltage is applied between one mirror side and the counter electrode. Several design's have been fabricated. The lateral dimension of the torsional mirror plate vary from 0,5 mm to 2,0 mm. The designed characteristic frequencies vary from 0,5 to 3 kHz. For quasistatic actuation the pull in angle vary from 1 to 5 degree and the pull in voltage goes up to several hundred volts. Accessorily the mirror plate is enclosed by a comb drive structure. So that the device could be used for low voltage resonant actuation or an capacitive position read out becomes feasible. Within this thesis the new concept has been verified and functionality has been demonstrated. Depending on their characteristic frequency, devices are suitable to perform quasistatic actuation within 10 ms. Experiments indicated that the electrical isolation damages irreversible at drive voltage's above 400 volt. It limits the maximum deflection of nearly all design's. At prototype actuators repeatability has been studied. No drift was observed in the static characteristic within several cycles for certain designs. Closed-loop position control is not mandatory for the actuators fabricated within this thesis. Mechanical stress inside the mirror plate causes deformation of the reflective surface larger than permitted by optical criteria. This paves the way for further device optimization, yield improvement and system integration.

The aim of this work is the development of mechanical models on a mesoscopic level for the analytical description of the material properties of textile reinforced concrete (TRC). For the modelling of the heterogeneous structure of TRC the concept of representative volume elements (RVE) is used. RVEs are representative for the mesoscopic structure. The overall material behaviour on the macroscopic level is obtained by means of homogenisation of the heterogeneous material behaviour on the mesoscopic level. Based on the micro mechanical solution of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal inclusion according to Eshelby a model for the determination of the material behaviour for multi-directional reinforced finegrained concrete is developed. An effective field approximation considers the interaction of the differentially orientated reinforcements in an averaged sense. Microcracks are included by additional strains in the representative volume element. The average interaction between the microcracks and the reinforcements is considered by an effective field approximation. As a criteria for the initiation of the macro cracking a critical microcrack density parameter is implemented in the mechanical model. The microcracks accumulate to macrocracks if the microcrack density parameter in the RVE exceeds this critical value. For the mechanical modelling of the bond behaviour between roving and matrix after macro cracking a multiple linear shear stress-slip relation is used. This shear stress-slip relation considers adhesion, damage and failure of the interface between roving and matrix. Hence experimentally measured pullout force-displacement curves can be simulated realistically. / Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung mechanischer Modelle auf der Mesoebene zur analytischen Beschreibung des makroskopischen Materialverhaltens von textilbewehrtem Feinbeton. Für die Modellierung der heterogenen Struktur wird das Konzept der repräsentativen Volumenelemente (RVE), die für die Mesostruktur des betrachteten Verbundwerkstoffes repräsentativ sind, verwendet. Der Übergang von dem heterogenen Materialverhalten auf der Mesoebene zum mittleren Materialverhalten auf der Makroebene erfolgt mittels Homogenisierung. Auf Basis der mikromechanischen Grundlösung für ellipsoidförmige Einschlüsse nach Eshelby wird ein Modell entwickelt, das die Ermittlung des Materialverhaltens von multidirektional bewehrtem Feinbeton ermöglicht. Durch die Anwendung einer Effektive-Feld-Theorie wird die gegenseitige Beeinflussung der unterschiedlich orientierten Bewehrungen in einem gemittelten Sinn betrachtet. Die ab einer bestimmten makroskopischen Beanspruchung entstehenden Mikrorisse berücksichtigt das mechanische Modell über einen durch die Mikrorisse hervorgerufenen zusätzlichen Verzerrungsanteil im RVE. Mittels der verwendeten Effektive-Feld-Theorie kann eine mittlere Beeinflussung zwischen den Mikrorissen und der Rovingbewehrung erfasst werden. Für den Übergang von der Mikrorissbildung zur Makrorissbildung wird für das mechanische Modell der Begriff einer maximalen Mikrorissdichte eingeführt. Überschreitet die Mikrorissdichte im RVE diesen maximalen Wert, vereinigen sich die Mikrorisse zu Makrorissen. Zur Beschreibung des mechanischen Verbundverhaltens zwischen Roving und Matrix beim Rovingauszug am Makroriss wird eine multilineare Schubspannungs-Schlupf-Beziehung verwendet, welche die Schädigung des Roving-Matrix-Verbundes bis hin zum vollständigen Versagen erfasst. Damit lassen sich experimentell ermittelte Kraft-Verformungskurven an Zugproben wirklichkeitsnah abbilden.

This dissertation concerns quasistatic torsional mirror's for optical applications. The intended main area of application is the use as switch in optical network's, replacing the conventional optical-electro-optical conversation. With these actuator's a new concept of electrostatic actuation has been realised. While the drive electrodes are integrated into the deflectable mirror, the whole counter electrode below the mirror plate remains at equal ground potential. The device is manufactured out of two parts using method's of silicon bulk mikro machining. A deflectable mirror plate, torsional spring's and the surrounding support structure are fabricated within the thin device layer at the top of BSOI material. The counter electrode is manufactured out of a highly doped silicon wafer. Both part's are assembled together by adhesive bonding at die level at the end. Since the driving potential is supplied to the mirror plate and the counter electrode is at ground level, lateral tolerances because of device assembly mismatches does not appear with the use of the new concept. In detail the mirror plate itself is divided into two seperate electrodes by a parallel arrangement of filled isolating trenches. The highly doped device layer provides electrical connection via the torsional spring's to the mirror electrodes. A quasistatic torsional actuation is performed if a dc-voltage is applied between one mirror side and the counter electrode. Several design's have been fabricated. The lateral dimension of the torsional mirror plate vary from 0,5 mm to 2,0 mm. The designed characteristic frequencies vary from 0,5 to 3 kHz. For quasistatic actuation the pull in angle vary from 1 to 5 degree and the pull in voltage goes up to several hundred volts. Accessorily the mirror plate is enclosed by a comb drive structure. So that the device could be used for low voltage resonant actuation or an capacitive position read out becomes feasible. Within this thesis the new concept has been verified and functionality has been demonstrated. Depending on their characteristic frequency, devices are suitable to perform quasistatic actuation within 10 ms. Experiments indicated that the electrical isolation damages irreversible at drive voltage's above 400 volt. It limits the maximum deflection of nearly all design's. At prototype actuators repeatability has been studied. No drift was observed in the static characteristic within several cycles for certain designs. Closed-loop position control is not mandatory for the actuators fabricated within this thesis. Mechanical stress inside the mirror plate causes deformation of the reflective surface larger than permitted by optical criteria. This paves the way for further device optimization, yield improvement and system integration.