Pela primeira vez incêndios florestais são identificados em uma associação de fácies contendo a Flora Dicroidium nos sedimentos avermelhados do Triássico Médio (Ladiniano) na parte sul da Bacia do Paraná (Formação Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul). A extensão geográfica dessa assembleia de plantas foi, assim, estendida no Gondwana brasileiro. As análises por petrografia orgânica, fluorescência, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (tipo field emission gun - MEV-FEG) revelaram a presença recorrente de carvão vegetal (charcoal) na sucessão vertical de fácies relacionadas a um modelo deposicional de fluxos efêmeros de baixa densidade do tipo inunditos. O carvão microscópico (micro-charcoal) ocorre como fragmentos comuns em diferentes fácies, enquanto que o carvão vegetal macroscópico (macro-charcoal) é representado por espécimes tridimensionais de lenhos atribuídos a gimnospermas (Pinaceae?) e por fragmentos achatados, finos e alongados atribuídos a pteridospermas (rachises de Dicroidium?) Os valores médios de reflectância da inertinita entre 2,80-6,61 %Ro medidos nos fragmentos de macro-charcoal evidenciaram processos de queima de alta temperatura, envolvendo tanto incêndios na copa quanto na interface copa-superfície. A recorrência de fragmentos queimados em várias fácies do perfil estudado indica a ocorrência de incêndios regionais que afetaram tanto as comunidades meso-xerófilas distais quanto às associações proximais higro- mesófilas, compostas majoritariamente por espécimes da Flora Dicroidium. A integração dos resultados obtidos a partir das múltiplas análises dos fragmentos de charcoal é consistente com um teor de oxigênio atmosférico superior a 20%. / For the first time wildfires are reported from an association of different facies containing a Dicroidium flora from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) red beds in the southern part of the Paraná Basin (Santa Maria Formation, Rio Grande do Sul state). The geographical extension of the Dicroidium plant assemblage has thus been extended in the Brazilian Gondwana. Analyses through petrography, fluorescence microscopy, scanning (SEM) and field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) revealed recurrent charcoal presence in a vertical facies succession of depositional cycles related to ephemeral prograding low density flows. Microscopic charcoal occurs as common fragments within different facies whereas macroscopic charcoal is represented by tridimensional wood specimens assigned to gymnosperms (Pinaceae?) and by flattened, thin, elongated remains assigned to pteridospermophytes (rachises of Dicroidium?). Average reflectance values between 2.80-6.61 %Ro measured in the macro-charcoals evidenced burning processes of high temperature, involving fires both in the crown and in the crown-surface interface. The recurrence of charcoal in several facies of the studied profile indicates regional wildfires, which affected hinterland, meso-xerophyllous coniferous assemblages and marginal hygro-mesophyllous Dicroidium-like assemblages. The integration of results obtained from the multiple charcoal analyses is consistent with atmospheric oxygen content higher than 20%.

Pela primeira vez incêndios florestais são identificados em uma associação de fácies contendo a Flora Dicroidium nos sedimentos avermelhados do Triássico Médio (Ladiniano) na parte sul da Bacia do Paraná (Formação Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul). A extensão geográfica dessa assembleia de plantas foi, assim, estendida no Gondwana brasileiro. As análises por petrografia orgânica, fluorescência, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (tipo field emission gun - MEV-FEG) revelaram a presença recorrente de carvão vegetal (charcoal) na sucessão vertical de fácies relacionadas a um modelo deposicional de fluxos efêmeros de baixa densidade do tipo inunditos. O carvão microscópico (micro-charcoal) ocorre como fragmentos comuns em diferentes fácies, enquanto que o carvão vegetal macroscópico (macro-charcoal) é representado por espécimes tridimensionais de lenhos atribuídos a gimnospermas (Pinaceae?) e por fragmentos achatados, finos e alongados atribuídos a pteridospermas (rachises de Dicroidium?) Os valores médios de reflectância da inertinita entre 2,80-6,61 %Ro medidos nos fragmentos de macro-charcoal evidenciaram processos de queima de alta temperatura, envolvendo tanto incêndios na copa quanto na interface copa-superfície. A recorrência de fragmentos queimados em várias fácies do perfil estudado indica a ocorrência de incêndios regionais que afetaram tanto as comunidades meso-xerófilas distais quanto às associações proximais higro- mesófilas, compostas majoritariamente por espécimes da Flora Dicroidium. A integração dos resultados obtidos a partir das múltiplas análises dos fragmentos de charcoal é consistente com um teor de oxigênio atmosférico superior a 20%. / For the first time wildfires are reported from an association of different facies containing a Dicroidium flora from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) red beds in the southern part of the Paraná Basin (Santa Maria Formation, Rio Grande do Sul state). The geographical extension of the Dicroidium plant assemblage has thus been extended in the Brazilian Gondwana. Analyses through petrography, fluorescence microscopy, scanning (SEM) and field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) revealed recurrent charcoal presence in a vertical facies succession of depositional cycles related to ephemeral prograding low density flows. Microscopic charcoal occurs as common fragments within different facies whereas macroscopic charcoal is represented by tridimensional wood specimens assigned to gymnosperms (Pinaceae?) and by flattened, thin, elongated remains assigned to pteridospermophytes (rachises of Dicroidium?). Average reflectance values between 2.80-6.61 %Ro measured in the macro-charcoals evidenced burning processes of high temperature, involving fires both in the crown and in the crown-surface interface. The recurrence of charcoal in several facies of the studied profile indicates regional wildfires, which affected hinterland, meso-xerophyllous coniferous assemblages and marginal hygro-mesophyllous Dicroidium-like assemblages. The integration of results obtained from the multiple charcoal analyses is consistent with atmospheric oxygen content higher than 20%.

Pela primeira vez incêndios florestais são identificados em uma associação de fácies contendo a Flora Dicroidium nos sedimentos avermelhados do Triássico Médio (Ladiniano) na parte sul da Bacia do Paraná (Formação Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul). A extensão geográfica dessa assembleia de plantas foi, assim, estendida no Gondwana brasileiro. As análises por petrografia orgânica, fluorescência, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (tipo field emission gun - MEV-FEG) revelaram a presença recorrente de carvão vegetal (charcoal) na sucessão vertical de fácies relacionadas a um modelo deposicional de fluxos efêmeros de baixa densidade do tipo inunditos. O carvão microscópico (micro-charcoal) ocorre como fragmentos comuns em diferentes fácies, enquanto que o carvão vegetal macroscópico (macro-charcoal) é representado por espécimes tridimensionais de lenhos atribuídos a gimnospermas (Pinaceae?) e por fragmentos achatados, finos e alongados atribuídos a pteridospermas (rachises de Dicroidium?) Os valores médios de reflectância da inertinita entre 2,80-6,61 %Ro medidos nos fragmentos de macro-charcoal evidenciaram processos de queima de alta temperatura, envolvendo tanto incêndios na copa quanto na interface copa-superfície. A recorrência de fragmentos queimados em várias fácies do perfil estudado indica a ocorrência de incêndios regionais que afetaram tanto as comunidades meso-xerófilas distais quanto às associações proximais higro- mesófilas, compostas majoritariamente por espécimes da Flora Dicroidium. A integração dos resultados obtidos a partir das múltiplas análises dos fragmentos de charcoal é consistente com um teor de oxigênio atmosférico superior a 20%. / For the first time wildfires are reported from an association of different facies containing a Dicroidium flora from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) red beds in the southern part of the Paraná Basin (Santa Maria Formation, Rio Grande do Sul state). The geographical extension of the Dicroidium plant assemblage has thus been extended in the Brazilian Gondwana. Analyses through petrography, fluorescence microscopy, scanning (SEM) and field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) revealed recurrent charcoal presence in a vertical facies succession of depositional cycles related to ephemeral prograding low density flows. Microscopic charcoal occurs as common fragments within different facies whereas macroscopic charcoal is represented by tridimensional wood specimens assigned to gymnosperms (Pinaceae?) and by flattened, thin, elongated remains assigned to pteridospermophytes (rachises of Dicroidium?). Average reflectance values between 2.80-6.61 %Ro measured in the macro-charcoals evidenced burning processes of high temperature, involving fires both in the crown and in the crown-surface interface. The recurrence of charcoal in several facies of the studied profile indicates regional wildfires, which affected hinterland, meso-xerophyllous coniferous assemblages and marginal hygro-mesophyllous Dicroidium-like assemblages. The integration of results obtained from the multiple charcoal analyses is consistent with atmospheric oxygen content higher than 20%.

Les premières migrations ont atteint la région de l’Océanie Lointaine (à l'est des îles Salomon) récemment, autour de 3000 ans BP. De nombreux éléments sont à prendre en compte dans ce processus de déplacement de populations, dont les changements environnementaux. L’installation de l’Homme sur des îles vierges a probablement influencé la faune et la flore insulaires, mais la réponse de la végétation face à la pression anthropique varie d’un site étudié à un autre. Les objectifs de cette recherche ont été de décrire l'influence humaine sur l'environnement depuis les premières migrations, de déterminer l'impact climatique sur ces déplacements de populations et sur la modification des paysages au cours de l'Holocène supérieur ; puis, de caractériser le comportement humain et son adaptation à une île vierge. Pour répondre à cette problématique, deux carottes palustres, prélevées sur l'île d'Efate (au centre du Vanuatu) ont été étudiées : le marais d’Emaotfer et le lac Otas. Afin d’identifier la paléovégétation arborée et herbacée présente autour des sites, j’ai principalement analysé les grains de pollen et les micro-charbons. J’ai également reconstitué les températures et les précipitations passées à l’aide de fonctions de densité de probabilité.Au niveau climatique, ces analyses mettent en évidence une période chaude et humide jusqu'à 3700 ans cal BP. Ensuite, un environnement plus sec se met en place, suite à une augmentation de l'ampleur et du nombre d’évènements El Niño. Entre 1950 et 750-600 ans cal BP, les résultats révèlent un climat plus humide, associé à la diminution de fréquence et d’intensité des El Niño. Les modifications de la végétation du marais d’Emaotfer et du lac Otas illustrent une nouvelle période sèche après 750-600 ans cal BP, que l’on peut associer au Petit Âge Glaciaire.Les populations Lapita ont atteint l'île d'Efate vers 3000 ans cal BP, sous des fréquents et importants El Niño, lorsque les vents d'est se sont arrêtés, favorisant la navigation à voile vers l’est. Ces résultats soutiennent l'hypothèse de migrations vers l'est sous de faibles alizés. Les premiers colons étaient des navigateurs et des pêcheurs-cueilleurs, ils ont eu peu d'impact sur l'environnement. Autour de 1500-1300 ans cal BP, une nouvelle population s’est installée sur le site d’Emaotfer, a développé la culture de plantes médicinales, cérémoniales et alimentaires et a probablement pratiquée l’agriculture sur brûlis. Ce groupe a vécu sous un climat humide, également plus approprié au développement de l'horticulture. Nos résultats montrent la capacité d'adaptation des populations aux nouvelles contraintes environnementales et climatiques. Les résultats issus des analyses polliniques et de micro-charbons livrent des informations assez complètes sur le paléoenvironnement, les relations Homme-climat-végétation et l'émergence de l'impact anthropique. Pour de futures recherches, il serait nécessaire d'obtenir plus de données sur la pluie pollinique d’un maximum de taxons, sur les exigences écologiques des espèces végétales et les paramètres climatiques actuels propre à chaque île, afin de modéliser de façon robuste les paysages, les climats et l’influence de l’Homme sur la dynamique de végétation passée (projet LandCover6k) / The first settlers reached the Remote Oceania (east of the Solomon Islands) quite recently, around 3000 yr BP. There are several hypotheses concerning the causes of these migrations, and environmental changes have to be taken into account in the settlement proceeding. The arrival of populations on pristine islands has an influence on the native fauna and flora, but landscape responses to human impact vary for each site examined. The aims of this research are to describe the human influence on the environment since the first migrations, to discriminate the climate impact, which causes theses migrations and the landscape modification during the late Holocene; then, to characterize the human behaviour and adaptation on pristine island. To answer this problem, two palustrine cores, collected in Efate Island (central Vanuatu) were studied: the Emaotfer Swamp and the Otas Lake.I have mainly used pollen and micro-charcoal analyses to reconstruct the arboreal and herbaceous vegetation found around the sites. I have also conducted of past temperatures and rainfalls reconstructions thanks to density probability functions. At the climatic level, these analyses highlight a warm and wet period until 3700 cal yr BP. Then, a increase in magnitude and number of El Niño events caused a drier environment. Between 1950 and 750-600 cal yr BP, the results reveal a more humid climate, associated with the decrease in El Niño frequency and magnitude. The climatic variations recorded by the Otas Lake and the Emaotfer Swamp vegetation show a new dry period after 750-600 cal yr BP, corresponding to the Little Ice Age.Lapita people reached Efate Island ca. 3000 cal yr BP under frequent and sustained El Niño events. During this period, easterly winds stopped and favoured eastward sail. These results support the hypothesis of eastward migrations under low trade winds. The first settlers were seafarers and fishers-gatherers, they had little impact on the environment. A new population settled the Emaotfer Swamp from 1500-1300 cal yr BP, developed medicinal, ceremonial and food plants cultivations and has probably practiced slash and burn agriculture. This group lived under humid climate, also more suitable to the development of horticulture. Our results show the adaptive capacity of populations to new environmental and climatic constraints. The complementary of the pollen and micro-charcoal analyses deliver rather complete information on the palaeoenvironment, the Human-climate-vegetation relations and the emergence of the human impact. For future researches, it will be necessary to obtain more information on the pollen rain for a maximum of taxa, the ecological needs of plant species and the specific climate parameters for each island, to develop a robust model of past landscapes, climates and land-use (project LandCover6k).