Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_efl_me_jabo.pdf: 383641 bytes, checksum: 59b012609413039433f00a07564e3f1e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes de lodo de esgoto (LE), aplicadas por treze anos em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, nos atributos biológicos e bioquímicos, nos teores de elementos-traço do solo e no acúmulo destes pelas plantas daninhas. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, em Jaboticabal-SP, utilizando-se delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro doses de LE (0, 5, 10 e 20 Mg ha-1, base seca) e cinco repetições. As amostras de solo (0 a 10 cm), plantas daninhas e resíduos culturais foram coletadas em outubro de 2010, 130 dias após a colheita do milho. Os valores do carbono da biomassa microbiana não variaram em função das doses de LE, porém os valores de respiração basal e quociente metabólico foram maiores nas doses 10 e 20 Mg ha-1. Para o quociente microbiano, o menor valor foi observado na dose 0 Mg ha-1 de LE. Os teores totais de Cd e Cr no solo não variaram em função das doses de LE. De forma contrária, os teores totais de Ni e Pb no solo aumentaram proporcionalmente até a dose 10 Mg ha-1. A atividade das enzimas desidrogenase, arilsulfatase, celulase e urease não variou. Porém a atividade hidrolítica do diacetato de fluoresceína (FDA) e da fosfatase ácida foram maiores na dose 20 Mg ha-1. Em relação às plantas daninhas e a palha do milho a adição de LE por longo período causou efeitos semelhantes nos valores da produção de matéria seca e nos teores totais de Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb. Entretanto, os teores acumulados de Cd, Ni e Pb na parte aérea dos grupos de planta daninha aumentaram até a dose 10 Mg ha-1 diferindo da testemunha. O LE causou atividade biológica negativa no solo nas doses 10 e 20 Mg ha-1. A atividade foi indicada pelos aumentos na respiração basal, na atividade hidrolítica do FDA e na atividade da fosfatase ácida. Entretanto, o aumento do quociente metabólico e a diminuição do quociente microbiano indicaram estar havendo estresse / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of sewage sludge (SS), applied for thirteen years in Oxisol in biological and biochemical attributes, the levels of trace elements in soil and accumulation of weed. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in Jaboticabal, using a randomized block design with four doses of SS (0, 5, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1, dry basis) and five replicates. Soil samples (0-10 cm), weeds and crop residues were collected in October 2010, 130 days after the corn harvest. The values of microbial biomass carbon did not vary with the doses of SS, but the values of basal respiration and metabolic quotient were higher in doses 10 and 20 Mg ha-1. For the microbial quotient, the lowest value was observed at the dose 0 Mg ha-1 SS. Total concentrations of Cd and Cr in the soil did not vary with the doses of LE. Conversely, the total concentration of Ni and Pb in soil increased proportionally to the dose of 10 Mg ha-1. The activity of enzymes dehydrogenase, arylsulfatase, cellulase and urease did not change. However, the hydrolytic activity of the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and acid phosphatase were higher in the dose 20 Mg ha-1. In relation to weeds and straw corn, adding SS for a long period caused similar effects on the values of dry matter production and total contents of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. However, the accumulated contents of Cd, Ni and Pb in the aerial part of the weed groups increased until the dose of 10 Mg ha-1 differed from the control. The SS has caused negative biological activity in soil at doses 10 and 20 Mg ha-1. The activity was indicated by increases in respiration, FDA hydrolytic activity and acid phosphatase activity. However, the increase metabolic quotient and decrease of the ratio having indicated that microbial stress

Orientador: Wanderley Jose de Melo / Coorientador: Gabriel Maurício Peruca de Melo / Banca: Ademir Sérgio Ferreira de Araújo / Banca: Ely Nahas / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes de lodo de esgoto (LE), aplicadas por treze anos em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, nos atributos biológicos e bioquímicos, nos teores de elementos-traço do solo e no acúmulo destes pelas plantas daninhas. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, em Jaboticabal-SP, utilizando-se delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro doses de LE (0, 5, 10 e 20 Mg ha-1, base seca) e cinco repetições. As amostras de solo (0 a 10 cm), plantas daninhas e resíduos culturais foram coletadas em outubro de 2010, 130 dias após a colheita do milho. Os valores do carbono da biomassa microbiana não variaram em função das doses de LE, porém os valores de respiração basal e quociente metabólico foram maiores nas doses 10 e 20 Mg ha-1. Para o quociente microbiano, o menor valor foi observado na dose 0 Mg ha-1 de LE. Os teores totais de Cd e Cr no solo não variaram em função das doses de LE. De forma contrária, os teores totais de Ni e Pb no solo aumentaram proporcionalmente até a dose 10 Mg ha-1. A atividade das enzimas desidrogenase, arilsulfatase, celulase e urease não variou. Porém a atividade hidrolítica do diacetato de fluoresceína (FDA) e da fosfatase ácida foram maiores na dose 20 Mg ha-1. Em relação às plantas daninhas e a palha do milho a adição de LE por longo período causou efeitos semelhantes nos valores da produção de matéria seca e nos teores totais de Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb. Entretanto, os teores acumulados de Cd, Ni e Pb na parte aérea dos grupos de planta daninha aumentaram até a dose 10 Mg ha-1 diferindo da testemunha. O LE causou atividade biológica negativa no solo nas doses 10 e 20 Mg ha-1. A atividade foi indicada pelos aumentos na respiração basal, na atividade hidrolítica do FDA e na atividade da fosfatase ácida. Entretanto, o aumento do quociente metabólico e a diminuição do quociente microbiano indicaram estar havendo estresse / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of sewage sludge (SS), applied for thirteen years in Oxisol in biological and biochemical attributes, the levels of trace elements in soil and accumulation of weed. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in Jaboticabal, using a randomized block design with four doses of SS (0, 5, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1, dry basis) and five replicates. Soil samples (0-10 cm), weeds and crop residues were collected in October 2010, 130 days after the corn harvest. The values of microbial biomass carbon did not vary with the doses of SS, but the values of basal respiration and metabolic quotient were higher in doses 10 and 20 Mg ha-1. For the microbial quotient, the lowest value was observed at the dose 0 Mg ha-1 SS. Total concentrations of Cd and Cr in the soil did not vary with the doses of LE. Conversely, the total concentration of Ni and Pb in soil increased proportionally to the dose of 10 Mg ha-1. The activity of enzymes dehydrogenase, arylsulfatase, cellulase and urease did not change. However, the hydrolytic activity of the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and acid phosphatase were higher in the dose 20 Mg ha-1. In relation to weeds and straw corn, adding SS for a long period caused similar effects on the values of dry matter production and total contents of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. However, the accumulated contents of Cd, Ni and Pb in the aerial part of the weed groups increased until the dose of 10 Mg ha-1 differed from the control. The SS has caused negative biological activity in soil at doses 10 and 20 Mg ha-1. The activity was indicated by increases in respiration, FDA hydrolytic activity and acid phosphatase activity. However, the increase metabolic quotient and decrease of the ratio having indicated that microbial stress / Mestre

Ethanol is used as fuel in neat form in some countries (Brazil and India) or blended with gasoline (Europe, Canada and the United States). The benefits of ethanol use include octane enhancement, a cleaner environment and a secure renewable energy supply. BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene and o-xylene) are aromatic hydrocarbons present in gasoline. The fate of these compounds in the environment is of great health concern due to their carcinogenic (benzene) and toxic properties, and due to their high solubility in water compared to the other gasoline hydrocarbons. Ethanol present in gasoline may affect BTEX degradation, in an event of a spill into the subsurface environment. To address the effects of ethanol on subsurface microorganisms, microbial activity and growth in the presence of ethanol (concentrations ranging 0 to 70% v/v) were assessed. Microcosms studies showed that ethanol at concentration ranging 0. 5 to3% (v/v) enhanced microbial activity and did not interfere inmicrobial growth at 10oC temperature, when another source of carbon was present (glucose). Ethanol at 0. 5% concentration enhanced microbial activity over water soluble gasoline components and R2A medium combined. Both microbialactivity and growth were not detected at ethanol concentrations equal and above 5%. Biodegradation study was conducted, in which subsurface material and ground water were exposed to BTEX and ethanol at 0. 5 and 1. 5% (v/v) concentration. The controls had BTEX alone and ethanol alone, sterile and nutrient-free. Total BTEX degradation was observed whenever ethanol was absent. Ethanol and BTEX were simultaneously degraded, however in microcosms containing 0. 5% ethanol, BTEX degradation was slowed, compared to microcosms without ethanol. Competition for inorganic nutrients was the major problem in slowed BTEX degradation in the presence of ethanol. In microcosms where 1. 5% ethanol was present, BTEX compounds and ethanol degradation were not observed.

Ethanol is used as fuel in neat form in some countries (Brazil and India) or blended with gasoline (Europe, Canada and the United States). The benefits of ethanol use include octane enhancement, a cleaner environment and a secure renewable energy supply. BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene and o-xylene) are aromatic hydrocarbons present in gasoline. The fate of these compounds in the environment is of great health concern due to their carcinogenic (benzene) and toxic properties, and due to their high solubility in water compared to the other gasoline hydrocarbons. Ethanol present in gasoline may affect BTEX degradation, in an event of a spill into the subsurface environment. To address the effects of ethanol on subsurface microorganisms, microbial activity and growth in the presence of ethanol (concentrations ranging 0 to 70% v/v) were assessed. Microcosms studies showed that ethanol at concentration ranging 0. 5 to3% (v/v) enhanced microbial activity and did not interfere inmicrobial growth at 10oC temperature, when another source of carbon was present (glucose). Ethanol at 0. 5% concentration enhanced microbial activity over water soluble gasoline components and R2A medium combined. Both microbialactivity and growth were not detected at ethanol concentrations equal and above 5%. Biodegradation study was conducted, in which subsurface material and ground water were exposed to BTEX and ethanol at 0. 5 and 1. 5% (v/v) concentration. The controls had BTEX alone and ethanol alone, sterile and nutrient-free. Total BTEX degradation was observed whenever ethanol was absent. Ethanol and BTEX were simultaneously degraded, however in microcosms containing 0. 5% ethanol, BTEX degradation was slowed, compared to microcosms without ethanol. Competition for inorganic nutrients was the major problem in slowed BTEX degradation in the presence of ethanol. In microcosms where 1. 5% ethanol was present, BTEX compounds and ethanol degradation were not observed.

Northern peatlands are large repositories of carbon and little is known about the effect the microbial community has on carbon mineralization rates, and there is concern that a loss of microbial diversity due to environmental change may lead to reduced ecosystem functioning. Microbial communities vary among peatland types and abiotic variables such as temperature and pH have a large influence on carbon dioxide production, but distinguishing between abiotic controls and the role of microbial community structure has proved challenging. Microbial activity and community composition was characterized in three peatlands within the James Bay Lowlands, Ontario. Similar dominant microbial taxa were observed at all three peatlands despite differences in nutrient content and substrate quality and geographic location. In contrast, microbial activity differed among the sites, indicating that it is influenced by the quality of the peat substrate and the presence of microbial inhibitors. A series of reciprocal field and laboratory transplant experiments were conducted at a rich and poor fen near White River, Ontario to more explicitly distinguish between the abiotic and microbial controls on carbon mineralization. The effect of transplantation differed between the laboratory and field studies and when viewed individually could lead to different interpretations of the effect of substrate change. Surprisingly, intensive sampling within both fens was unable to reveal a difference between the rich and poor fen microbial community due to high within site temporal and spatial variation. Thus studies with small sampling effort will have a very incomplete understanding of microbial community structure and thus microbial ecology. A reciprocal sterilization transplant experiment was also conducted to examine how different microbial communities adapted to various peat substrates influenced C-mineralization patterns. Post-inoculation/incubation bacterial communities across peatlands converged towards a similar community structure, suggesting that abiotic variables are the dominant control on peatland microbial activity and community composition. The studies presented in this thesis collectively show that across a broad range of temperate and sub-arctic peatland types dominant members of the microbial community are generally similar, and decomposition rates can be predicted by broader controlling environmental factors rather than temporal niche or distributional constraints of the microbial community.

Northern peatlands are large repositories of carbon and little is known about the effect the microbial community has on carbon mineralization rates, and there is concern that a loss of microbial diversity due to environmental change may lead to reduced ecosystem functioning. Microbial communities vary among peatland types and abiotic variables such as temperature and pH have a large influence on carbon dioxide production, but distinguishing between abiotic controls and the role of microbial community structure has proved challenging. Microbial activity and community composition was characterized in three peatlands within the James Bay Lowlands, Ontario. Similar dominant microbial taxa were observed at all three peatlands despite differences in nutrient content and substrate quality and geographic location. In contrast, microbial activity differed among the sites, indicating that it is influenced by the quality of the peat substrate and the presence of microbial inhibitors. A series of reciprocal field and laboratory transplant experiments were conducted at a rich and poor fen near White River, Ontario to more explicitly distinguish between the abiotic and microbial controls on carbon mineralization. The effect of transplantation differed between the laboratory and field studies and when viewed individually could lead to different interpretations of the effect of substrate change. Surprisingly, intensive sampling within both fens was unable to reveal a difference between the rich and poor fen microbial community due to high within site temporal and spatial variation. Thus studies with small sampling effort will have a very incomplete understanding of microbial community structure and thus microbial ecology. A reciprocal sterilization transplant experiment was also conducted to examine how different microbial communities adapted to various peat substrates influenced C-mineralization patterns. Post-inoculation/incubation bacterial communities across peatlands converged towards a similar community structure, suggesting that abiotic variables are the dominant control on peatland microbial activity and community composition. The studies presented in this thesis collectively show that across a broad range of temperate and sub-arctic peatland types dominant members of the microbial community are generally similar, and decomposition rates can be predicted by broader controlling environmental factors rather than temporal niche or distributional constraints of the microbial community.

Orientador: Cassiana Maria Reganhan Coneglian / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:59:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rego_AnaPaulaJustiniano_M.pdf: 1374824 bytes, checksum: f4374ed0d3dafb4fb76f0bd4a5678bc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A ametrina é um herbicida utilizado em culturas de cana-de-açúcar no período de pré e pós emergência das plantas daninhas. É um composto persistente no meio ambiente, podendo lixiviar para água subterrânea e escoar para águas superficiais, provocando impacto na comunidade aquática. No presente trabalho avaliou-se a atividade microbiana em solo com histórico de aplicação da ametrina em cultivo de cana de açúcar, acrescidos de concentrações de solução de ametrina e biofertilizante comercial Microgeo. Coletaram-se três amostras de solo em área de cultivo de cana de açúcar, sendo o primeiro solo caracterizado como argiloso, o segundo arenoso, o terceiro arenoso, mas esterilizado em estufa a 106ºC. As concentrações utilizadas da ametrina nos experimentos foram de 8 e 12 ?g/mL e, as de biofertilizante foram 1, 5 e 10%. Para avaliar a atividade microbiana do solo utilizou-se o método respirométrico de Bartha que quantifica a geração de CO2 em mg/L e após o processo de biodegradação o método enzimático de hidrólise de FDA para avaliar a estimativa da atividade microbiana. Quantificou-se a população de bactérias heterotróficas e fungos expressos em UFC/g de solo antes e após o experimento de respirometria. Realizou-se teste de toxicidade com o organismo-teste Daphnia similis exposta ao herbicida ametrina nas concentrações 0,01; 0,1; 1; 10 e 100 ?g/L, do biofertilizante nas concentrações 1, 10 e 100% e do solo antes e após o experimento de respirometria, utilizando a fração solúvel. Realizou-se teste de fitoxicidade com a semente Lactuca sativa antes e após os experimentos de respirometria, utilizando a fração solúvel do solo. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a produção de CO2 foi maior em solo arenoso e menor em solo argiloso e em solo estéril. A estimativa microbiana pelo método de FDA foi maior em solo argiloso e arenoso e menor em solo estéril. O herbicida ametrina apresentou toxicidade ao organismo Daphnia similis. Antes e após os experimentos de respirometria, o solo não apresentou efeitos tóxicos à Daphnia simillis, não sendo possível calcular o CE50. Os solos antes e após experimentos de respirometria não apresentaram inibição na germinação e alongamento das raízes de Lactuca sativa. Conclui-se que o herbicida ametrina como citado na literatura é lentamente biodegradado no solo e a adição de biofertilizante Microgeo não corroborou com a sua biodegradação, mas favoreceu a atividade microbiana do solo / Abstract: The ametryn is an herbicide used on crops of sugar cane in the pre and post emergence weed. It is a compound persistent in the environment and can leach into groundwater and surface water to drain, causing impact on the aquatic community. In this study we evaluated the microbial activity in soil with a history of application of ametryn in cultivation of sugar cane, plus concentrations of ametryn solution and commercial bio fertilizer Microgeo. Three samples were collected from soil in sugar cane cultivation area, the first being characterized as clayey soil, the second sandy, and the third gritty but sterilized in an oven at 106 °C. The concentrations used in the experiments of ametryn were 8 and 12 ?g / mL, and the bio fertilizers were 1, 5 and 10 %. To evaluate the microbial activity in the soil it was used the Bartha respirometric method that quantifies the CO2 generation in mg / L and after the biodegradation the process of the enzymatic hydrolysis of FDA to evaluate the estimation of microbial activity. We quantified the population of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi expressed in CFU / g of soil before and after the respirometry experiment. We held a toxicity test with the Daphnia similis organisms test exposed to herbicide ametryn at 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mg/L of bio fertilizer concentrations 1, 10 and 100% and soil before and after the respirometry experiment, using the soluble fraction. A test of fitoxicity was performed with Lactuca sativa seed before and after the respirometry experiments using the soluble fraction of the soil. According to the obtained results it can be concluded that the CO2 production was higher on sandy soil and smaller in clayey soil and sterile soil. A method for estimating microbial FDA was higher in clay soil and sandy soil and lower in sterile. The herbicide ametryn showed toxicity to the organism Daphnia similis. Before and after the respirometry experiments, the soil showed no toxic effects to the Daphnia simillis, it is not possible to calculate the EC50. The soils, before and after respirometry experiments showed no inhibition on seed germination and root elongation of Lactuca sativa. It is concluded that the herbicide ametryn as quoted in the literature is slowly biodegraded in soil and the addition of the bio fertilizer Microgeo has not substantiated its biodegradation, but favored the soil microbial activity / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

No description available.

Low microbial activity and associated nutrient cycling are concerns in agricultural problem soils. The objectives of this study were to investigate microbial response on problem soils to amendments, drying-wetting cycles, and the interaction of amendments and drying-wetting cycles. In this laboratory study, soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux was measured from thermal desorption treated soils and saline soils in response to Proganics, spent lime, and composted beef manure applications. Microbial activity was measured through CO2 flux and its rate of change, permanganate oxidizable C, and residual inorganic nitrogen. Proganics had the greatest ability to elevate and sustain microbial activity on problem soils, but spent lime and compost had the greatest potential to improve microbial mediated nitrogen mineralization. In conclusion, spent lime and compost can be effective amendments for improving soil quality of saline and thermal desorption treated problem soils to increase microbial activity and associated nitrogen cycling.

The primary goal of this study was to evaluate a new device and system, designed to optimize the performance of standard low pressure air diffusers in two types of aerated systems (activated sludge and aerobic sludge digestion) and to decrease overall energy consumption. Aerated treatment systems are very important in the treatment of wastewaters and management of sludges. The activated sludge process is widely used to treat wastewater from both industrial and municipal sources. However, they are costly to operate because oxygen is marginally soluble in water and standard low pressure (8 psig) diffusers provide marginal mixing and minimum retention. The newly patented device is referred to as TotalMix and is a type of pneumatic mixing system. TotalMix introduces air under high pressure at regular fixed intervals. During the tests the frequency of air delivered, the pressure, and the period of pressured air delivery was varied manually or through feedback control to optimize oxygen transfer and the interaction with a regular aeration system. Various chemical parameters, most importantly dissolved oxygen, were measured and compared to the new approach, using the TotalMix in combination with standard diffuser systems. The new System was tested in different sized tanks (17,000 L and 380,000 L), different concentrations of total solids (TS), using different airflow rates and different diffusers (membrane fine bubble diffusers, ceramic fine bubble diffuser, and course bubble diffuser). The statistical evaluation of the experiments indicates an increase in oxygen transfer rate with a concomitant decrease in energy consumption at low airflow rates. / Master of Science