Integrases (Int) are enzymes that mediate the integration and excision of viral DNA into or out of their hosts‟ chromosomes and can therefore be exploited to integrate or delete genes in a precise way. In order to establish lysogeny, integrase mediates recombination between the bacterial and phage attachment sites, attB and attP respectively to generate an integrated prophage flanked by attL and attR. This reaction occurs in vitro without any need for accessory proteins prompting the question, how does the prophage excise? Phages use accessory proteins, Recombination Directionality Factors, RDFs to control the directionality of integrase. For the serine integrase family, RDFs have been identified for three phages, TP901-1, φRv1 and Bxb1, and there is no detectable sequence conservation between them. This work has identified the φC31 early protein gp3 as the RDF. Gp3 acts stoichiometrically to activate excision and binds to Int in solution and in complex with DNA. Insight into the mechanism of gp3 action has revealed that it is at the synapse level that gp3 switches the directionality of Int. The properties of the gp3+Int driven reaction was found to be similar to that mediated by a previously characterised mutated Int, IntE449K that triggers gp3 independent excision (Rowley et al., 2008). Despite φC31 and φBT1 Ints being only 21% identical in sequence, the gp3 homologues from these phages cross-react. Both the gp3s bind to the last 200 amino acids of C-terminal domain of φC31 Int to activate excision and inhibit integration. Evidence is presented that gp3, on binding to Int, overcomes an innate mechanism that normally prevents synapsis of the excision substrates. These observations could lead to further exploitation of φC31 system as a tool for genome engineering.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 54).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 8, 2009). "School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science." Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Wartell Roger, Committee Chair ; Chernoff Yury, Committee Member ; Harvey Stephen, Committee Member ; Spiro Stephen, Committee Member ; Williams Loren, Committee Member.

Na última década tem sido possível reconstruir o genoma de bactérias e arquéias presentes em comunidades microbianas de ambientes naturais a partir de dados metagenômicos. Isso tem revolucionado nosso entendimento sobre a topologia da árvore da vida e a descoberta de novas capacidades metabólicas, bem como auxiliado na identificação mais acurada de genes de interesse industrial, visto que os dados estão mais completos e menos fragmentados. Com base neste contexto, o objetivo geral deste projeto foi reconstruir o genoma de bactérias ligadas a degradação de biomassa vegetal em comunidades microbianas da compostagem, focando em análises de diversidade de enzimas de Glicosil Hidrolases (GHs), a partir de dados de sequências metagenômicas gerados no projeto temático processo 11/50870-6. Para alcançar os nossos objetivos, foram desenvolvidos pipelines computacionais com softwares já disponíveis na literatura e foram utilizados dois conjuntos principais de dados de sequenciamento massivo (um conjunto de dados seriados que engloba inúmeros estágios do processamento da compostagem e um conjunto de dados do metagenoma de um consórcio microbiano celulolítico e termofílico construído a partir de amostras da compostagem). Foram reconstruídos 13 genomas (sete genomas em amostras dos dados seriados e seis genomas na amostra do consórcio microbiano), sendo identificado no mínimo quatro novas espécies. As análises baseadas em filogenômica indicam a presença de pelo menos uma nova classe dentro do filo Firmicutes, uma nova espécie da família Paenibacillaceae e a reconstrução pela primeira vez do genoma da espécie Bacillus thermozeamaize. Também foram identificadas 33 lacunas/ilhas metagenômicas (IMs). Essas regiões apresentaram genes diretamente ligados a biossíntese de polissacarídeos do envelope celular, pseudogenes e proteínas hipotéticas. Algumas dessas proteínas estão diretamente ligadas ao reconhecimento de bacteríofagos durante a fase de infecção viral. A presença de IMs também indica uma divergência entre as populações microbianas presentes na compostagem com a espécie de referência. Quanto ao potencial de degradação de biomassa vegetal, todos os microrganismos apresentam genes com potencial para degradação de material lignocelulolítico durante o processamento de diferentes estágios da compostagem, indicando a importância do papel funcional dessas bactérias na compostagem. / In the last decade it has been possible to reconstruct Bacteria and Archaea genomes that are in natural microbial communities from metagenomic samples. This has revolutionized our understanding of the topology of the tree of life and the discovery of new metabolic functions, as well as aided in more accurate identification of industrial bioprospecting genes, since the genomic data are more complete and less fragmented. Based on this background, the aim of this project was to reconstruct the bacterial genomes linked to plant biomass degradation in composting communities, focusing on diversity analysis of Glycosyl Hydrolases (GHs) from metagenomic sequence data generated in the Thematic Project (Process 11/50870-6). To achieve our objectives, computational pipelines have been developed (this pipelines were based on software already available in the literature) and we use these pipelines in two massive data sets generated by high-throughput sequencing (one data set of time series compost sample which includes several stages of the composting process and other data set from a cellu- lolytic and thermophilic microbial consortium). Thirteen genomes were reconstructed (seven genomes from time series metagenomic data and six genomes from microbial consortium). At least four new species have been identified, and the analyzes based on phylogenomic inferences indicate the presence of at least one new class of Firmicutes phylum, and a new Paenibacillaceae family and the reconstruction for the first time the Bacillus thermozeamaize genome. They also identified 33 gaps/metagenomic Islands (IMs). These gaps had genes directly linked to polysaccharide biosynthesis of the cell envelope, pseudogenes and hypothetical proteins. Some of these proteins are directly linked to the bacteriophage during the recognition phase of viral infection. The presence of gaps also indicates a divergence between microbial populations present in the compost with the reference genome. All microbial genomes reconstructed in this studyhave genes linked to lignocellulolytic potential degradation during the different stages of composting process, indicating the functional role this bactéria in this environment.

Na última década tem sido possível reconstruir o genoma de bactérias e arquéias presentes em comunidades microbianas de ambientes naturais a partir de dados metagenômicos. Isso tem revolucionado nosso entendimento sobre a topologia da árvore da vida e a descoberta de novas capacidades metabólicas, bem como auxiliado na identificação mais acurada de genes de interesse industrial, visto que os dados estão mais completos e menos fragmentados. Com base neste contexto, o objetivo geral deste projeto foi reconstruir o genoma de bactérias ligadas a degradação de biomassa vegetal em comunidades microbianas da compostagem, focando em análises de diversidade de enzimas de Glicosil Hidrolases (GHs), a partir de dados de sequências metagenômicas gerados no projeto temático processo 11/50870-6. Para alcançar os nossos objetivos, foram desenvolvidos pipelines computacionais com softwares já disponíveis na literatura e foram utilizados dois conjuntos principais de dados de sequenciamento massivo (um conjunto de dados seriados que engloba inúmeros estágios do processamento da compostagem e um conjunto de dados do metagenoma de um consórcio microbiano celulolítico e termofílico construído a partir de amostras da compostagem). Foram reconstruídos 13 genomas (sete genomas em amostras dos dados seriados e seis genomas na amostra do consórcio microbiano), sendo identificado no mínimo quatro novas espécies. As análises baseadas em filogenômica indicam a presença de pelo menos uma nova classe dentro do filo Firmicutes, uma nova espécie da família Paenibacillaceae e a reconstrução pela primeira vez do genoma da espécie Bacillus thermozeamaize. Também foram identificadas 33 lacunas/ilhas metagenômicas (IMs). Essas regiões apresentaram genes diretamente ligados a biossíntese de polissacarídeos do envelope celular, pseudogenes e proteínas hipotéticas. Algumas dessas proteínas estão diretamente ligadas ao reconhecimento de bacteríofagos durante a fase de infecção viral. A presença de IMs também indica uma divergência entre as populações microbianas presentes na compostagem com a espécie de referência. Quanto ao potencial de degradação de biomassa vegetal, todos os microrganismos apresentam genes com potencial para degradação de material lignocelulolítico durante o processamento de diferentes estágios da compostagem, indicando a importância do papel funcional dessas bactérias na compostagem. / In the last decade it has been possible to reconstruct Bacteria and Archaea genomes that are in natural microbial communities from metagenomic samples. This has revolutionized our understanding of the topology of the tree of life and the discovery of new metabolic functions, as well as aided in more accurate identification of industrial bioprospecting genes, since the genomic data are more complete and less fragmented. Based on this background, the aim of this project was to reconstruct the bacterial genomes linked to plant biomass degradation in composting communities, focusing on diversity analysis of Glycosyl Hydrolases (GHs) from metagenomic sequence data generated in the Thematic Project (Process 11/50870-6). To achieve our objectives, computational pipelines have been developed (this pipelines were based on software already available in the literature) and we use these pipelines in two massive data sets generated by high-throughput sequencing (one data set of time series compost sample which includes several stages of the composting process and other data set from a cellu- lolytic and thermophilic microbial consortium). Thirteen genomes were reconstructed (seven genomes from time series metagenomic data and six genomes from microbial consortium). At least four new species have been identified, and the analyzes based on phylogenomic inferences indicate the presence of at least one new class of Firmicutes phylum, and a new Paenibacillaceae family and the reconstruction for the first time the Bacillus thermozeamaize genome. They also identified 33 gaps/metagenomic Islands (IMs). These gaps had genes directly linked to polysaccharide biosynthesis of the cell envelope, pseudogenes and hypothetical proteins. Some of these proteins are directly linked to the bacteriophage during the recognition phase of viral infection. The presence of gaps also indicates a divergence between microbial populations present in the compost with the reference genome. All microbial genomes reconstructed in this studyhave genes linked to lignocellulolytic potential degradation during the different stages of composting process, indicating the functional role this bactéria in this environment.

Yes / Several bacterial families are known to be highly abundant within the human microbiome, but their ecological roles and evolutionary histories have yet to be investigated in depth. One such family, Lachnospiraceae (phylum Firmicutes, class Clostridia) is abundant in the digestive tracts of many mammals and relatively rare elsewhere. Members of this family have been linked to obesity and protection from colon cancer in humans, mainly due to the association of many species within the group with the production of butyric acid, a substance that is important for both microbial and host epithelial cell growth. We examined the genomes of 30 Lachnospiraceae isolates to better understand the origin of butyric acid capabilities and other ecological adaptations within this group. Butyric acid production-related genes were detected in fewer than half of the examined genomes with the distribution of this function likely arising in part from lateral gene transfer (LGT). An investigation of environment-specific functional signatures indicated that human gut-associated Lachnospiraceae possess genes for endospore formation, whereas other members of this family lack key sporulation-associated genes, an observation supported by analysis of metagenomes from the human gut, oral cavity, and bovine rumen. Our analysis demonstrates that adaptation to an ecological niche and acquisition of defining functional roles within a microbiome can arise through a combination of both habitat-specific gene loss and LGT. / Canadian Institute for Health Research (grant number CMF-108026), Genome Atlantic and the Canada Research Chairs program to R.G.B.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Biological Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008. / This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-181). / This thesis describes the development and application of a new tool for profiling marine microbial communities. Chapter 1 places the tool in the context of the range of methods used currently. Chapter 2 describes the development and validation of the "genome proxy" microarray, which targeted marine microbial genomes and genome fragments using sets of 70-mer oligonucleotide probes. In a natural community background, array signal was highly linearly correlated to target cell abundance (R² of 1.0), with a dynamic range from 10²-10⁶ cells/ml. Genotypes with >/=~80% average nucleotide identity to those targeted crosshybridized to target probesets but produced distinct, diagnostic patterns of hybridization. Chapter 3 describes the development an expanded array, targeting 268 microbial genotypes, and its use in profiling 57 samples from Monterey Bay. Comparison of array and pyrosequence data for three samples showed a strong linear correlation between target abundance using the two methods (R²=0.85- 0.91). Array profiles clustered into shallow versus deep, and the majority of targets showed depth-specific distributions consistent with previous observations. Although no correlation was observed to oceanographic season, bloom signatures were evident. Array-based insights into population structure suggested the existence of ecotypes among uncultured clades. Chapter 4 summarizes the work and discusses future directions. / by Virginia Rich. / Ph.D.

Hfq is a bacterial RNA-binding protein recently shown to contain the Sm motif, a characteristic of Sm proteins that function in RNA processing in archaea and eukaryotes. Hfq plays a major role in RNA-RNA interactions regulating translation. Comparative structural modeling and amino acid sequence alignment were used to predict the 3-D structure of Hfq and the model was in excellent agreement with the crystal structure which determined for S. aureus Hfq. The evolution of Hfq was explored by a BLAST search of microbial genomes followed by phyletic analysis. About half of the genomes examined contain at least one gene coding for Hfq. The presence and absence of Hfq closely followed major bacterial clades. The potential RNA binding residues on the two surfaces of the Hfq hexamer were proposed based on the bioinformatics studies and the mutant Hfq proteins with either single or double mutations on the two surfaces of the Hfq hexamer were generated. Their RNA binding properties was biophysically studied by gel-shift assay, fluorescence anisotropy and fluorescence quenching techniques. Results indicated that 1) point mutations on the distal surface of the Hfq hexamer, Y25A and K31A, have a major effect on A18 binding. Both reduce binding by about 1000 fold. Mutations on the proximal surface have a small or no influence on A18 binding. 2) Two mutations, F39A and R16A, on the proximal surface of the Hfq structure reduce binding to the DsrA domain II by 10 fold. Other mutations reduce binding by less than 2 fold. 3) An amino acid covariance was observed in L12 and F39. Mutation L12F can partially restore F39A in DsrA RNA binding. 4) It appears that two Hfq hexamers cooperatively bind one RNA for both DsrADII and A18.

A novel approach for screening metagenomic libraries by merging both metagenomic and microarray platforms was developed and optimized. This high-throughput screening strategy termed "metagenomic microarrays" involved the construction of two Arctic soil large-insert libraries and the high density arraying of the clone plasmid DNA (~50 kb) onto glass slides. A standard alkaline lysis technique used for the purification of plasmid DNA was adapted and optimized to function efficiently in a 96-well format, providing an economically viable means of producing sufficient high-quality plasmid DNA for direct printing onto microarrays. The amounts of printed material and probe, required for maximal clone detection, were optimized. To examine catabolic clone detection libraries were first screened by PCR for catabolic genes of interest. Two PCR-positive clones were printed onto microarrays, and detection of these specific clones in the printed libraries was achieved using labeled probes produced from PCR fragments of known sequence. Also, hybridizations were performed using labeled PCR fragments derived from the amplification of a catabolic gene from the total community DNA. The ability of selected probes to specifically target clones of interest was demonstrated. This merger of metagenomics and microarray technologies has shown great promise as a tool for screening the natural microbial community for catabolic potential and could also be used to profile microbial diversity in different environments.