Species in the genus Burkholderia are found in a wide variety of environments ranging from plant rhizospheres to the human respiratory tract. Even though they have great biotechnological and bioremediative potential in preventing some plant diseases, promoting crop production, and degrading toxic compounds, some species of Burkholderia can be serious pathogens to those who have compromised immune systems, particularly those with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Many Burkholderia species have two distinct copies of the hfq gene, a rare phenomenon in bacteria studied to date. As a global regulatory protein, Hfq has been shown to act as an RNA chaperone involved in stress responses, survival, and virulence in a variety of other bacteria via riboregulation. To address the significance of possessing two distinct Hfq proteins, sequence and expression analyses of the two corresponding B. cenocepacia genes were performed. RT-PCR revealed that both hfq genes were expressed constitutively and that neither hfq1 nor hfq2 appear to be transcribed as part of an operon. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Bc-Hfq2 clustered with Hfq proteins from other Beta-Proteobacteria, while Bc-Hfq1 shared a common ancestor with the Hfq from Delta-Proteobacteria. This incongruence with 16S rRNA gene phylogeny suggests that the B. cenocepacia hfq1 gene may have been acquired through horizontal transfer. Further analysis of the two B.cenocepacia proteins indicated that Bc-Hfq2 was able to partially complement an E. coli hfq mutant, while the effect of heterologously expressing hfq1 could not be determined. A corresponding B. cenocepacia hfq2 deletion strain was constructed utilizing homologous recombination. This mutant showed extended lag phases when grown at 37°C and 41°C and a slower growth rate at a pH of 5 compared to the wild type. These data suggest that Hfq plays an important and yet still not fully understood role in the stress response of Burkholderia species.

Escherichia coli Enteropatogênicas são um importante patógeno causador de diarréia. As EPEC podem ser classificadas em típica e atípica, baseado na presença do plasmídeo EAF. As amostras de EPEC apresentam em seu genoma uma ilha de patogenicidade denominada região LEE, na qual estão contidos os genes relacionados a formação da lesão (A/E). A regulação gênica da região LEE é multifatorial, sendo o principal regulador o gene ler. Até o momento não existem trabalhos sobre a participação de Hfq em EPEC, assim sendo, o presente estudo analisa o papel de Hfq na regulação dos fatores de virulência de EPEC típica (O127:H6) e atípica (O55:H7). A mutagênese do gene hfq foi obtida através do sistema l Red de recombinação alélica. As amostras mutantes apresentaram uma diminuição na capacidade aderir e formar a lesão A/E. Analise transcricional dos mutantes revelou uma significativa diminuição na transcrição do gene espA e do gene eae. Foi possível evidenciar uma diminuição da motilidade das amostras mutantes. A analise in silico revelou a possibilidade do dobramento natural do mRNA ler, ocultando o sitio de ligação do ribossomo. Aqui demonstramos a necessidade Hfq para a transcrição dos genes responsáveis pela lesão A/E. responsible for the A/E lesion. / Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli are an important pathogen responsible for causing diarrhea. EPEC can be classified as typical and atypical, based on the presence of the EAF plasmid. EPEC strains have in their genome a pathogenicity island known as LEE region, where it harbours genes related to the formation of a lesion A/E. LEE regulation is multifactorial, being the ler gene its main regulator. Until now there are no studies on the role of Hfq in EPEC, thus, the present study analyzes the function of Hfq on the regulation of virulence factors in typical EPEC (O127:H6) and atypical (O55:H7) strains. Hfq gene mutagenesis was obtained utilizing the allelic recombination l Red system. The mutant strains demonstrated a decrease in the capability of mutant strains to adhere and form A/E lesion. Transcriptional analysis showed a decrease on the espA gene and eae gene transcription. It was possible to notice a decrease in motility of the mutant strains. In silico analysis revealed the possibility of a natural folding of ler mRNA, concealing the ribosome binding site. With this study we could demonstrate the need of Hfq for the transcription of genes responsible for the A/E lesion.

Escherichia coli Enteropatogênicas são um importante patógeno causador de diarréia. As EPEC podem ser classificadas em típica e atípica, baseado na presença do plasmídeo EAF. As amostras de EPEC apresentam em seu genoma uma ilha de patogenicidade denominada região LEE, na qual estão contidos os genes relacionados a formação da lesão (A/E). A regulação gênica da região LEE é multifatorial, sendo o principal regulador o gene ler. Até o momento não existem trabalhos sobre a participação de Hfq em EPEC, assim sendo, o presente estudo analisa o papel de Hfq na regulação dos fatores de virulência de EPEC típica (O127:H6) e atípica (O55:H7). A mutagênese do gene hfq foi obtida através do sistema l Red de recombinação alélica. As amostras mutantes apresentaram uma diminuição na capacidade aderir e formar a lesão A/E. Analise transcricional dos mutantes revelou uma significativa diminuição na transcrição do gene espA e do gene eae. Foi possível evidenciar uma diminuição da motilidade das amostras mutantes. A analise in silico revelou a possibilidade do dobramento natural do mRNA ler, ocultando o sitio de ligação do ribossomo. Aqui demonstramos a necessidade Hfq para a transcrição dos genes responsáveis pela lesão A/E. responsible for the A/E lesion. / Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli are an important pathogen responsible for causing diarrhea. EPEC can be classified as typical and atypical, based on the presence of the EAF plasmid. EPEC strains have in their genome a pathogenicity island known as LEE region, where it harbours genes related to the formation of a lesion A/E. LEE regulation is multifactorial, being the ler gene its main regulator. Until now there are no studies on the role of Hfq in EPEC, thus, the present study analyzes the function of Hfq on the regulation of virulence factors in typical EPEC (O127:H6) and atypical (O55:H7) strains. Hfq gene mutagenesis was obtained utilizing the allelic recombination l Red system. The mutant strains demonstrated a decrease in the capability of mutant strains to adhere and form A/E lesion. Transcriptional analysis showed a decrease on the espA gene and eae gene transcription. It was possible to notice a decrease in motility of the mutant strains. In silico analysis revealed the possibility of a natural folding of ler mRNA, concealing the ribosome binding site. With this study we could demonstrate the need of Hfq for the transcription of genes responsible for the A/E lesion.

Legionella pneumophila, responsable de la maladie du légionnaire, est une bactérie aquatique parasitant les amibes, mais aussi les macrophages alvéolaires humains. Legionella alterne entre une forme infectieuse non réplicative et une forme réplicative intracellulaire, qui n'exprime pas les facteurs de virulence. Ce cycle de vie biphasique est gouverné par un système de régulation complexe permettant son adaptation dans différents hôtes. Le but de mon projet de thèse était d'étudier un des facteurs clés dans la régulation des ARNm, le régulateur post-transcriptionnel global Hfq. L'expression de Hfq est régulée au cours du cycle infectieux chez L. pneumophila: Hfq est peu exprimée en phase réplicative, mais fortement exprimée lors de la phase de transmission, ce qui suggère un rôle dans la transition entre ces deux phases. J'ai identifié un petit ARN (sRNA) que j'ai nommé Anti-hfq puisqu'il est transcrit dans l'orientation antisens à Hfq et chevauche sa région 5' non traduite (UTR). Mes recherches ont mis en évidence un mécanisme sophistiqué par lequel Anti-hfq régule l'expression de Hfq: Anti-hfq interagit avec l'ARNm du gène hfq par sa région complémentaire et ainsi contrôle la stabilité de la protéine. De plus, j'ai montré que la protéine Hfq auto-réprime sa propre traduction en facilitant l'interaction entre Anti-hfq et son propre ARNm. Finalement, Hfq régule son propre renouvellement par le recrutement de la RNase III. De plus, des tests de réplication intracellulaire ont montré que Hfq et Anti-hfq sont nécessaires pour la multiplication intracellulaire de L. pneumophila, ce qui a mis en évidence un rôle important de Hfq et Anti-hfq dans la virulence de cette bactérie. / Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of the pneumonia-like Legionnaires’ disease, is commonly found in aquatic habitats worldwide where it multiplies within protozoa. To adapt between intra- and extracellular environments, L. pneumophila evolved a biphasic lifecycle wherein it alternates between an infectious and non replicative form and an intracellular form, which does not express the virulent phenotypes. This biphasic life cycle is governed by a complex regulatory network that comprises transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory elements, enabling the bacteria to adapt in diverse hosts. During my Ph.D., I focused my attention of the post-transcriptional regulator Hfq, a hexameric, RNA-binding protein and chaperon of small RNAs (sRNA). The expression of this fascinated protein is life cycle regulated: poorly expressed during the replicative phase of growth, whereas significantly upregulated upon entry into the transmissive phase of growth. Moreover, my research research lead to the identification of a sRNA transcribed antisense to the hfq gene overlapping its 5’UTR region. This antisense RNA, named Anti-hfq, was found to regulate hfq expression by base-pairing complementarity, describing a sophisticated mechanism of regulation. In addition, the Hfq protein controls its own translation by facilitating the interaction between Anti-hfq and its own mRNA. Thus, Hfq regulates its turnover, recruiting the endoribonuclease RNaseIII. Furthermore, infection assays revealed that Hfq and Anti-hfq are necessary for efficient replication of L. pneumophila in amoeba revealing an important role of both in bacterial virulence.

Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of the disease tularemia and a potential bioterrorism agent. Few regulators have been identified in this organism and little is known about its genetic regulatory networks. In this dissertation project, culture-based and molecular methods were used to both determine the role of the RNA chaperone protein Hfq and identify potential novel small RNAs in F. tularensis subsp. novicida strain U112. The Hfq protein is recognized as an important regulatory factor in a variety of cellular processes, including stress resistance and pathogenesis, and has been shown in several bacteria to interact with small RNAs as a post-transcriptional regulator of mRNA stability and translation. Molecular methods were employed to determine that hfq is potentially transcribed in an operon with both the immediate up- and downstream genes. Phenotypic analysis of two transposon insertions within the hfq ORF revealed that the N-terminal region of the Hfq protein is more important for stress tolerance than the C-terminal end. Complete deletion of hfq resulted in a variety of growth defects under certain stress conditions such as heat-shock, low pH, and oxidative stress. Gene expression of hfq under several of these conditions changed significantly, further suggesting a role for the protein during stress tolerance. Because Hfq likely functions as a global regulator, the expression of several genes in the hfq mutant strain were compared to wild-type and some were significantly altered in particular growth backgrounds. The hfq mutant also exhibited a delayed entry into stationary phase and increased biofilm formation under certain conditions. Shotgun cloning and high-throughput sequencing were used to generate a list of potential sRNAs, an important class of regulators that had yet to be studied in F. novicida. Three candidates were selected and their expression verified using Northern blot analysis and self-ligating RACE. The sRNA transcript designated CISC-1 appears important for certain aspects of cell growth and is differently expressed under several stress conditions. ISC-2 is a transcript that has a minor effect on cell growth during exponential phase, but is upregulated during stationary phase. The third sRNA, ISC-16, is highly conserved among Francisella species and is potentially important for the biosynthesis of bacterial fatty acids. These sRNAs represent an important group of regulators that, along with the Hfq protein, could be important for controlling global gene expression in Francisella.

B. anthracis alters its virulence gene expression profile in response to a number of environmental signals, including levels of bicarbonate and CO2. Virulence plasmid pXO1 is important to Bacillus anthracis pathogenicity as it carries the genes encoding the anthrax toxin and virulence regulatory factors. Induction of toxin and other virulence genes requires the pXO1-encoded AtxA regulatory protein. The cytochrome c maturation system influences the expression of virulence factors in Bacillus anthracis. B. anthracis carries two copies of the ccdA gene, encoding predicted thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases that contribute to cytochrome c maturation. Loss of both ccdA genes results in a reduction of cytochrome c production, an increase in virulence factor expression, and a reduction in sporulation efficiency. pXO1 also carries a gene encoding an Hfq-like protein, pXO1-137. Loss of pXO1-137 results in significant growth defects and reductions in toxin gene expression only when grown under toxin inducing conditions. Similarly, loss of a small RNA on pXO1, sRNA-1, results in similar growth defects and reductions in toxin gene production. Both increased and decreased expression of pXO1-137 and sRNA-1 result in growth defects suggesting narrow functional set points for Hfq and sRNA levels.

No description available.

Chez les bactéries, la régulation de l’expression génétique est fondamentale pour permettre une adaptation optimale à l’environnement. De nombreux contrôles existent, notamment au niveau post-transcriptionnel par de nombreux ARN régulateurs (sRNA pour « small RNAs »). Ceux-ci ciblent des ARN messager (ARNm), permettant une régulation rapide de la synthèse de protéines. Le plus souvent, ces sRNAs interagissent avec leur(s) cible(s) au niveau du site de fixation du ribosome (RBS pour « ribosome binding site »), entrant dès lors en compétition avec le ribosome pour la fixation à l’ARNm et entraînant une régulation négative de l’expression des gènes cibles. Pour autant, il existe de nombreux mécanismes alternatifs de régulation par les sRNA. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer que les deux sRNAs OmrA et OmrB, conservés au sein des entérobactéries, répriment la synthèse du récepteur FepA aux complexes fer-entérobactine en ciblant une structure de l’ARNm fepA. Cette structure en tige-boucle est située en aval du RBS de fepA, et de façon surprenante, elle contrôle positivement la synthèse de FepA via une activation de la fixation de la sous-unité 30S du ribosome à l’ARNm. Des structures similaires ont pu être prédites dans d’autres ARNm, à l’image de bamA, codant la sous-unité essentielle du complexe Bam d’adressage des protéines de membrane externe en tonneaux β. Comme pour fepA, la tige-boucle de l'ARNm bamA favorise la fixation du ribosome, suggérant que ce mécanisme de régulation pourrait être bien plus général du fait de la grande conservation de bamA au sein des bactéries à Gram négatif. De surcroît, ces résultats constituent la première illustration que les structures d'ARNm peuvent avoir un effet positif sur la traduction. Par ailleurs, deux autres sRNAs répriment également et indépendamment l’expression de fepA, à savoir SdsR et RseX. A chaque fois, le mécanisme de régulation impliqué est différent. Ainsi, SdsR s’apparie vraisemblablement à deux régions différentes de l’ARNm fepA, impliquant notamment une compétition classique avec la fixation du ribosome. La répression par RseX nécessite quant à elle la présence d’autres séquences du 5’UTR de fepA, à plus d’une centaine de nucléotides (nts) en amont du RBS. Enfin, chacun de ces sRNAs semble répondre à des stimuli différents, ce qui enrichit considérablement notre connaissance des signaux contribuant à la régulation de fepA, dont jusqu’ici seule la carence en fer était connue comme un signal de dérépression par le facteur de transcription Fur. Ce travail est une nouvelle illustration de l’immense diversité des mécanismes de régulation impliquant des ARN, dont la grande flexibilité de structure et de séquence constitue une importante source de diversité à la disposition de l’évolution / In order to perfectly adapt to their environment, bacteria require a tight gene expression regulation. This can occur through post-transcriptional control by numerous regulatory RNAs (or small RNAs, sRNAs). These sRNAs can target mRNAs, leading to a fast regulation of protein synthesis. Most often, sRNAs base-pair with their target mRNAs at the ribosome binding site (RBS), therefore competing with the ribosome for the binding with the mRNA and repressing gene expression. However, many other regulatory mechanisms involve sRNAs. We have demonstrated that the two sRNAs OmrA and OmrB, conserved among enterobacteria, repress the synthesis of the FepA receptor for iron-enterobactin complexes through base-pairing with a secondary structure within fepA mRNA. This stem-loop structure is located downstream of fepA RBS, and most surprisingly, promotes 30S ribosomal subunit binding to fepA mRNA, therefore activating FepA synthesis. Similar stem-loop structures have been predicted in other mRNAs, such as the bamA mRNA encoding the essential subunit of the Bam outer membrane protein assembly complex. As for fepA mRNA, the stem-loop found in bamA mRNA also promotes ribosome binding, showing that this regulatory mechanism could be widespread considering the strong conservation of bamA among Gram negative bacteria. Moreover, these results challenge the commonly admitted view of mRNA secondary structures being repressors of gene expression. Two other sRNAs also repress fepA expression in an OmrA/B-independent fashion, namely SdsR and RseX. For each of these sRNAs, the regulatory mechanism involved is different. Indeed, SdsR most likely acts through two distinct binding sites, one of which leading to a classical competition with the ribosome binding. Meanwhile, RseX repression requires most of fepA 5’UTR, including sequences at about 100nt upstream of the start codon. Finally, each of these sRNAs is expressed upon diverse stimuli, considerably extending our knowledge of the signals leading to fepA regulation, for which only the Fur-dependent derepression upon iron starvation was known. This work highlights the great versatility of regulatory mechanisms involving RNAs. This illustrates how RNAs structural flexibility and sequence diversity is a key source of diversity for evolution

DsrA est un petit ARN régulateur que l'on retrouve chez plusieurs espèces bactériennes, notamment Escherichia coli non-pathogène et pathogène. DsrA est exprimé principalement lorsque la bactérie est dans un environnement température suboptimale (<37 [degrés Celsius]). En conditions d'expression de DsrA, on retrouve une forme pleine longueur de 85 nucléotides et une forme tronquée de 60 nucléotides. Il a été montré que DsrA, dans sa forme pleine longueur ou tronquée, peut diminuer l'initiation de la traduction de l'ARNm hns , codant pour la protéine H-NS, un régulateur majeur de la transcription qui module près de 5% des gènes chez E. coli . Toutefois, les mécanismes impliqués dans la répression traductionnelle d'hns par DsrA n'ont pas été caractérisés. Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire démontrent que DsrA bloque l'initiation de la traduction d'hns en s'appariant immédiatement en aval du codon d'initiation de la traduction. De plus, DsrA provoque la dégradation de l'ARNm hns en recrutant le complexe dégradosome ARN. La RNase E, qui fait partie de ce complexe, va cliver l'ARNm au nucléotide 131 dans la région codante du gène, soit 80 nucléotides en aval de l'appariement entre hns et DsrA. Ce clivage va provoquer la dégradation rapide de l'ARNm hns par les exoribonucléases de E. coli . Mes travaux de maîtrise ont abouti à un modèle d'action de DsrA sur hns qui pourrait inclure les autres cibles négatives de DsrA. De plus, ils suggèrent que les sRNA semblent partager le même mécanisme général de dégradation des ARNm. Ces travaux démontrent également que l'extrémité 5' de DsrA tronqué est monophosphate ce qui suggère un clivage par une ribonucléase. Toutefois aucune ribonucléase connue d' E. coli ne semble produire la forme tronquée de DsrA, bien que l'exoribonucléase PNPase semble influencer sa dégradation. Ces travaux démontrent également l'impact des protéines RppH et CsdA dans la dégradation de l'ARNm hns à 25 [degrés Celsius], c'est-à-dire lorsque DsrA est naturellement exprimé. Ces protéines sont importantes pour la stabilité de hns et pour sa dégradation en présence de DsrA. Toutefois, le mécanisme d'action de ces protéines n'a pas été déterminé.

<p>Abstract</p><p> Hfq is a pleiotropic posttranscriptional regulator and RNA chaperone that facilitates annealing of trans-encoded sRNA/mRNA pairs. It regulates many different cellular pathways including environmental stress responses, quorum sensing, virulence and maintenance of membrane integrity. Hfq is a member of the Sm/LSm family and forms a homohexamer that has two faces, termed proximal and distal. Hfq preferentially binds A/U rich regions that are near stem loop structures. Crystal structures have shown that poly-A sequences tend to bind the distal face while poly-U sequences bind the proximal face. Currently crystal structures reveal the binding mechanisms for short RNA sequences however; physiologically relevant RNA sequences are typically longer and more structured. To study how these more complex RNA sequences interact with Hfq, a tryptophan fluorescence quenching (TFQ) assay has been developed. Here it is presented that TFQ can correctly identify the binding face for two control sequences, A15 and U6, using the E. coli, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes Hfq homologues. Using fluorescence anisotropy and crystallography it is observed that Trp mutants necessary for TFQ may affect binding to some degree but do not affect the overall structure or RNA binding function of Hfq. TFQ is then used to examine the distal face binding motifs for both Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus/L. monocytogenes) Hfq, (A-R-N)n and (R-L)n respectively. Using sequences that either fulfilled just (A-R-N)n or both (A-R-N)n and (A-A-N)n motifs it is shown that the distal face motif for Gram-negative Hfq is the more specific (A-A-N)n motif. Using sequences that either fulfilled just (R-L)n or both (R-L)n and (A-L)n motifs it is shown that the Gram-positive distal face motif can be redefined to the (A-L)n motif. Finally TFQ is used to explore autoregulation of E. coli hfq. Two identified binding sites located in the 5'UTR of hfq mRNA, site A and site B, were used for TFQ, along with a longer RNA sequence that contains both sites and their native linker, 5' UTR. TFQ illustrates that the individual sites and the 5' UTR are capable of binding both faces. Each site appears to prefer binding to one face over the other, suggesting a model for hfq 5' UTR mRNA binding to Hfq where either one or two hfq mRNA bind a single Hfq hexamer. In conclusion, TFQ is a straightforward method for analyzing how RNA sequences interact with Hfq that can be utilized to study how longer, physiologically relevant RNA sequences bind Hfq.</p> / Dissertation