No description available.

The genus Borrelia is a widespread, pathogenic pest and the causative of among others borreliosis or Lyme disease. The vector for the bacteria is the hard tick, Ixodes ricinus and the infection is transferred through a bite. Untreated, Borrelia may cause arthritis, heart damage or neuroborreliosis. Infection is made possible through different strategies for avoiding the body’s complement system. One such strategy involves the binding of factor H to specific bacterial membrane proteins and, thus, no complement activation and lysis. Another defence mechanism, phagocytosis, acts in cooperation with the complement and is subsequently retarded. The present study includes optimizing of Borrelia culturing, characterisation of different Borrelia strains in regard to sensitivity against the complement including culture counting and the analysis of free C3a and the Terminal Complement Complex (TCC). Further, tagging with FITC in order to study morphology as well as phagocytosis with the aid of microscopy and FACS was performed. The culturing experiments showed Borrelia to be rather easy to culture, although a strict sterile technique has to be applied. Concerning sensitivity to complement, the B.afzelii strains showed to be resistant to complement action, while most of the B. garninii are sensitive. Analysis of C3a and TCC after incubation with normal human blood serum as well as human whole blood, showed that complement activation demands rather or very high cell densities. Tagging with FITC followed by microscopic analysis resulted in good illustrations of the bacterial morphology. The FACS analysis resulted in findings of phagocytosis in both monocytes and granulocytes and, further, the different stages of phagocytosis were visualised through nuclear staining followed by microscopy. The genus Borrelia is a widespread, pathogenic pest and the causative of among others borreliosis or Lyme disease. The vector for the bacteria is the hard tick, Ixodes ricinus and the infection is transferred through a bite. Untreated, Borrelia may cause arthritis, heart damage or neuroborreliosis. Infection is made possible through different strategies for avoiding the body’s complement system. One such strategy involves the binding of factor H to specific bacterial membrane proteins and, thus, no complement activation and lysis. Another defence mechanism, phagocytosis, acts in cooperation with the complement and is subsequently retarded. The present study includes optimizing of Borrelia culturing, characterisation of different Borrelia strains in regard to sensitivity against the complement including culture counting and the analysis of free C3a and the Terminal Complement Complex (TCC). Further, tagging with FITC in order to study morphology as well as phagocytosis with the aid of microscopy and FACS was performed. The culturing experiments showed Borrelia to be rather easy to culture, although a strict sterile technique has to be applied. Concerning sensitivity to complement, the B.afzelii strains showed to be resistant to complement action, while most of the B. garninii are sensitive. Analysis of C3a and TCC after incubation with normal human blood serum as well as human whole blood, showed that complement activation demands rather or very high cell densities. Tagging with FITC followed by microscopic analysis resulted in good illustrations of the bacterial morphology. The FACS analysis resulted in findings of phagocytosis in both monocytes and granulocytes and, further, the different stages of phagocytosis were visualised through nuclear staining followed by microscopy. / Bakteriegruppen Borrelia burgdorferi har en stor utbredning och förorsakar sjukdomen borreliosis, även kallad Lyme disease, som orsakar mycket lidande. Sjukdomen är en zoonos och smittämnet, bakterien, sprids via en vektor, fästingen Ixodes ricinus. Både människor och djur kan smittas i samband med bett från fästingen. Sjukdomen borreliosis börjar oftast som en lokal hudinfektion med ett karakteristiskt utslag, erythema migrans. Utslaget uppvisar en blek mittregion som omges av en rodnad, 4 – 5 cm i diameter. Antibiotikabehandlig är ofta framgångsrik. Utan behandling kan sjukdomen få allvarliga konsekvenser med påverkan på leder, hjärta, andra organ och centrala nervsystemet (CNS). Hur bakterierna lyckas sprida sig i kroppen och orsaka kroniska tillstånd är ännu inte kartlagt. Det har dock visats att en del av borreliaarterna har en utvecklad strategi för att undgå en del av kroppens immunförsvar genom inaktivering av komponenter i komplementsystemet. Komplementsystemet utgör en del av kroppens immunförsvar och består av ett 30-tal lösliga proteiner i inaktiv form. Vid aktivering till exempel vid invasion av mikrober interagerar proteinerna med varandra och generar produkter, som i sin tur resulterar i olika effektorfunktioner. I samband med proteolytisk aktivitet frisätts mindre produkter, som kan inducera kärlvidgning, agera som kemotaktiskt stimuli för fagocyterande celler och inducera opsonisering. Det är sedan tidigare känt att förhållandet till komplementsystemet skiljer sig åt hos olika borreliaarter. Arter och stammar inom gruppen Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato interagerar med proteiner från värdens komplementsystem för att på så sätt undgå komplementattack. Faktor H är exempel på ett sådant protein. Borreliabakterien kan uttrycka receptorer i sitt yttermembran, som binder in denna faktor. Vid medverkan av faktor H dämpas komplementaktiveringen och bakterien kan undgå lys. Målet med föreliggande studie var att optimera odlingsbetingelserna för Borrelia följt av kartläggning av olika stammar av Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato avseende känslighet respektive resistens mot serumkomplement och dess beroende av serumkoncentration respektive bakterietäthet. Vidare skulle grad av komplementaktivering för olika stammar bedömas, liksom inmärkning med FITC följt av mikroskopisk och/ eller FACS - analys för studium av morfologi och fagocytos. För bedömning av känslighet respektive resistens för olika stammar gentemot komplementsystemet, genomfördes räkning av levande bakterier genom faskontrastmikroskopi. Resultaten avseende bakteriehalter kontra komplementaktivering analyserades med hjälp av ELISA-teknik och analys av lösligt C3a respektive lösligt Terminal Complement Complex (TCC). Samtliga i projektet ingående borreliastammar, med ett undantag Borrelia garninii Pbi, befanns vara lättodlade under förutsättning av sträng sterilteknik och upprepad subkultivering. En förklaring till problemet med B. garninii Pbi kan vara en observerad längre lagfas.  Observation är subjektiv utan experimentell studie. Resultaten av räkning av överlevande bakterier som mått på känslighet/resistens mot komplementsystemet i humant normalserum visade att samtliga Borrelia afzelii – stammar var resistenta medan flertalet Borrelia garninii - stammar var känsliga. Resultaten från analyser av fritt C3a och TCC efter inkubering med NHS visar att komplementaktivering sker först vid ökande och mycket höga bakterietätheter. Försök med inkubering med NHS respektive hirudinbehandlat helblod visade inte på någon nämnvärd skillnad i utfall. FITC-inmärkning av B. afzelii K78 och B. garninii Lu59 resulterade i goda illustrationer av spiroketernas morfologi. FACS -analys av fagocyterade inmärkta bakterier visade att både monocyter och granulocyter har förmåga att fagocytera borreliabakterier och att EDTA märkbart hämmade fagocytosen. Vidare tycks B. afzelii K78 fagocyteras i något större omfattning än B. garninii Lu59. De  olika stadierna i fagocytosförloppet framgår av den mikroskopiska analysen av kärninfärgade preparat / Borrelia, Faktor H, Odling, Bakterier

The Enterococcus genus consists of natural members of the gastrointestinal tract but they are also opportunistic pathogens. They are a common cause of urinary tract infections but can also cause sepsis and other infections. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most abundant in clinical specimens. Enterococci are a leading cause of nosocomial infections and they have developed resistance against a number of antibiotics e.g. vancomycin. E. faecalis V583 was the first vancomycin resistant isolate reported in the U.S. Movable genetic elements such as pathogenicity islands, PAI, are important for bacterial evolution. PAI:s are large chromosomal fragments mostly seen in pathogenic strains and carry regions such as transposons and insertion elements along with virulence factors and transfer genes. A PAI has been detected in the chromosome of E. faecalis. Excision of PAI:s has been studied for uropathogenic E. coli and frequencies of 10-5 and 10-6 have been reported. In this study the excision rate and excision patterns of E. faecalis V583 was studied using the counterselectable marker pheS*, causing p-Cl-phe sensitivity, and a chloramphenicol resistance gene, cat, inserted at two different positions of the PAI and selecting for excisions by growth on p-Cl-phe. Excision rates of 10-6 and 10-8 were seen based on the p-Cl-phe resistance and chloramphenicol sensitivity. Mutation rate in the pheS* gene was high compared to excision rate which made the method difficult to work with. No obvious excision patterns were detected but the excisions seemed to be limited to the close surroundings of the pheS*/cat insertion. / Bakterier finns överallt i vår omgivning och hos oss människor, exempelvis på huden och i vår mag-tarmkanal. Flertalet av dessa är apatogena, d.v.s. orsakar inte sjukdom. Vissa normalt goda bakterier kan dock orsaka sjukdom när de hamnar på fel plats och får tillfälle att orsaka sjukdom s.k. opportunistiska patogener. Ett exempel på detta är bakterien Genetiska egenskaper hos såväl människor som bakterier styrs av arvsmassan, DNA. Hos människor är arvsmassan samlad i 46 kromosomer medan bakterier har en. På senare år har vi lärt oss hur man kan klippa och klistra i exempelvis bakteriers DNA för att introducera egenskaper eller ta bort. Detta används inom forskning för att studera t.ex. bakteriers förmåga att orsaka sjukdom eller anpassning till sin omgivning. Bakterier är mycket duktiga på just anpassning vilket beror på deras förmåga att snabbt förändra sitt DNA ofta genom utbyte med andra bakterier, detta kan bl.a. leda till utveckling av antibiotikaresistens eller nyvunnen förmåga att orsaka sjukdom. Största delen av en bakteries arvsmassa består av konserverade regioner medan andra är mycket föränderliga exempelvis s.k. isertions element, tansposoner och patogenicitetsöar, som har visat sig kunna lämna kromosomen via excision. En patogenicitetsö har hittas hos I den här studien klistras en gen in i patogenicitetsön hos Bakteriekloner där excision förekommit erhölls och excisionsfrekvensen bestämdes till 10 bakterier. Inga kloner där hela patogenicitetsön lämnat kromosomen kunde detekteras, dock visade det sig att områden precis intill området där genen klistrats in hade försvunnit. Inga tydliga excisionsmönster kunde bestämmas. En hög frekvens av mutationer i den insatta genen gjorde metoden svår att arbeta med. Enterococcus faecalis som finns i mag-tarmkanalen hos friska människor men som när den hamnar på fel plats kan orsaka bl.a. urinvägsinfektion, sårinfektioner och i svåra fall blodförgiftning, s.k. sepsis. E. faecalis. Patogenicitetsöar är delar av kromosomen som ofta innehåller virulensfaktorer, som gör bakterien patogen och hos vissa bakterier har man påvisat gener för antibiotikaresistens på sådana öar. E. faecalis som gör att bakterien inte kan växa på ett speciellt selektivt media. Detta gör det möjligt att välja bakterier där ön lämnat kromosomen för vidare studier och en excisionsfrekvens bestämmas. -6 till 10-8. Detta är låga frekvenser jämfört med vad man kommit fram till hos andra 3

This review is a dissertation and contains a summary of the following publications: I. J.-O Jeppsson and J. Sjöquist: Separation of Normal Human Transferrin into Two Fractions. Biochim. Biophys. Actay 78 (1963) 658 II. J.-O. Jeppsson: Isolation and Partial Characterization of Three Human Transferrin Variants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1967, in press III. J.-O. Jeppsson: Subunits of Human Transferrin. Acta Chem. Scand.1967, in press IV. J.-O. Jeppsson and J. Sjöquist: Thin-layer Chromatography of PTH Amino Acids. Analyt. Biochem. 18 (1967) 264 V. J.-O. Jeppsson: Structural Studies of Fragments Resulting from Cyanogen Bromide Degradation of Human Transferrin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1967, in press. In addition the dissertation contains some hitherto unpublished results. In the text the above mentioned papers will be referred to by the Roman figures I — V, other references are indicated by Arabic figures. / digitalisering@umu.se

No description available.

Wolbachia is an intracellular bacterial symbiont found in nearly half of all arthropod species. In some mosquito vector species, it is known to exhibit repressive effects on viral replication and transmission. Sindbis virus (SINV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that causes yearly human infections in Northern Europe. Its transmission cycle involves passerine birds and two main mosquito vectors, Culex pipiens and Cx. torrentium. Cx. pipiens is almost always infected with Wolbachia, yet the impact on its vector competence for SINV has never been investigated. The purpose of this study was to establish in vivo (Aim 1) and in vitro (Aims 2 and 3) platforms for the investigation of the effect of Wolbachia on vector competence and viral replication in mosquitoes of the Cx. pipiens complex. For Aim 1, a colony of lab-reared Cx. pipiens molestus was cleared of its natural Wolbachia infection through tetracycline treatment. For Aim 2, a proliferating primary cell culture was initiated from the eggs of Cx. pipiens molestus. For Aim 3, attempts were made to infect Hsu cells with Wolbachia from Cx. pipiens molestus ovaries with varying success. Protocols for all three primary aims have been established. Preliminary experiments suggest that Hsu cells do not support SINV replication. Additionally, the vector competence of Wolbachia-infected Cx. pipiens molestus for SINV has been investigated, however with inconclusive results. Continued maintenance of the Wolbachia-free mosquito line and primary cell culture is projected to allow future studies of Wolbachia-mediated phenotypes and its effect on virus transmission by Cx. pipiens.

ABSTRACT:  Background: Aggregatibacter aphrophilus is a Gram-negative bacterium that is considered to be highly virulent in endocarditis and cerebral abscesses but has low virulence when it comes to periodontitis. One important mechanism for the virulence of A. aphrophilus is the serum resistance, which is partially obtained through the OmpA1 outer membrane protein. EmaA is an extracellular matrix protein adhesin that is found in the outer membrane of A. aphrophilus. This protein was earlier confirmed to contribute in autoaggregation and adhering of A. aphrophilus to human epithelial cells.   Aim:  The aim of our study has been to investigate if there is a possibility that EmaA contributes to serum resistance of A. aphrophilus, similar to OmpA1.  Methods: To examine if EmaA contributes to serum resistance of A. aphrophilus, a serum killing assay was executed on four different strains of A. aphrophilus. These strains included a wildtype strain HK83, strains with a knocked out emaA and ompA1 gene, respectively and double mutant (emaA ompA1). The construction of the double mutant was done through a DNA-transformation procedure. A two- tailed T-test was used to calculate the data’s statistical significance.  Results: As expected, the ompA1 mutant did not survive well in human serum. Interestingly, the ompA1 emaAdouble mutant had a clearly higher serum survival, suggesting that EmaA may negatively contribute to serum resistance.    Conclusion:  EmaA protein appears not to contribute to the serum resistance of A. aphrophilus but rather to serum sensitivity.

No description available.

Chlamydia and gonorrhea are major causes of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in adolescents worldwide. The infections are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae, bacteria with clinical manifestations such as urethritis, prostatitis and epididymitis among men, and urethritis, cervicitis and upper genital tract infection (i.e. pelvic inflammatory disease) among women. However, in many cases of genital tract infection, the etiology remains uncertain. In light of this, Mycoplasma genitalium was somewhat accidentally isolated in 1980 after prolonged incubation of urogenital specimens from men with non-gonococcal urethritis. Following the initial isolation in 1980, repeated attempts have been made to recover the extremely fastidious organism from clinical samples by culture techniques, but isolates have been rare and difficult to obtain. With the development of PCR methods in the early 1990s, detection of M. genitalium infection became more feasible. The aim in paper I was to compare three different PCR assays (conventional and real-time 16S rRNA gene PCR as well as real-time Mycoplasma genitalium adhesin protein (MgPa) gene PCR) for detection of M. genitalium. The study also determined the prevalence of M. genitalium. Clinical specimens collected from STI attendees, 381 men and 298 women, were used to determine the prevalence of M. genitalium and 213 of these specimens were used in the PCR comparative study. The prevalence of M. genitalium infection in men and women was 27/381 (7.1 %) and 23/298 (7.7 %) respectively. In the PCR comparative study, M. genitalium DNA were detected in 61/76 (80.3 %) of true-positive specimen by conventional 16S rRNA gene PCR, in 52/76 (68.4 %) by real-time 16S rRNA gene PCR and in 74/76 (97.4 %) by real-time MgPa gene PCR. Hence, real-time MgPa gene PCR is well suited for clinical diagnosis of M. genitalium in urogenital specimens from men and women. The aim in paper II was to determine whether a patients’ endocervical swab specimen can be transported in first void urine (FVU) as combined specimens in detection of Mycoplasma genitalium by real-time PCR. The study also compared two different DNA extraction methods (manual Chelex DNA extraction and automated BioRobot M48 DNA extraction) for observation of possible PCR inhibition. Clinical specimens collected from 329 women attending a STI clinic were used in the study. A total of 100 endocervical swab specimens transported in FVU was used in the PCR inhibition analysis. M. genitalium was detected in 25/329 (7.6 %) women. Endocervical swab specimens transported in FVU demonstrate higher sensitivity compared to both FVU alone and specimens transported in 2-SP medium detecting 24/25 (96 %), 22/25 (88 %) and 17/25 (68 %) of M. genitalium positive women, respectively. Automated BioRobot M48 DNA extraction was shown to be superior to manual Chelex extraction leaving no PCR inhibition and slightly higher DNA yield and/or better sensitivity. The results from these two studies are important knowledge in establishing the future diagnostic level of this STI in our county and also nationally.

Malaria is the most common parasitic disease of humans worldwide. A factor that aggravates the many attempts to control the epidemiologic malaria situation is the spreading of resistance against anti-malarial drugs. In this project the point mutation at position 86 of the Plasmodium. falciparum multidrug resistance gene (pfmdr1), which is thought to contribute to Chloroquine resistance, was analysed in 188 samples from a low transmission area in eastern Sudan, where malaria endemicity is seasonal. The patient group studied had asymptomatic and sub patent parasitemia that persisted during the transmission-free dry season, after being treated with Chloroquine. To differentiate between wild type and mutant genotypes, nested PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism with the enzyme Apo1 was used. Out of 188 samples 79 (42%) were successfully analysed. Of those, 72% had parasites with mutant genotypes or where mixed infection. No conclusions on the relevance of the pfmdr1 gene in the studied samples are made due to the many remaining gaps. However, eventual sources of error and previous findings in the study area are discussed.