University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology. / Department of Electromechanical Engineering

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992.

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-161). Also available via the Internet.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-194). Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Le syndrome d'épilepsie mésio-temporale (EMLT) est la forme d'épilepsie focale pharmacorésistante la plus fréquente chez l'adulte et est associé à une sclérose de la formation hippocampique. Le noyau parafasciculaire (PF) du thalamus est étroitement connecté à la fois à différentes régions corticales et à l'ensemble des structures des ganglions de la base, lui permettant de participer aux fonctions sous-tendues par ces structures, incluant à la fois des processus cognitifs, sensoriels et moteurs. L'objectif de ce travail a donc été d'étudier l'implication du PF dans le contrôle des crises d'épilepsies focales mésiotemporales dans un modèle d'EMLT chez la souris, présentant à la fois des caractéristiques électrocliniques, histopathologiques et pharmacologiques similaires à celles de l'EMLT humaine. Nous avons montré que l'activité oscillatoire synchrone du PF augmentait dans la seconde précédant la fin des crises hippocampiques, suggérant une communication entre ces deux structures. Ces données ont été corroborées par l'étude de l'activité unitaire des neurones du PF in vivo, montrant une diminution de leur fréquence de décharge pendant la crise et un rebond d'activité concomitant à la fin de crise dans l'hippocampe. Au regard des connexions du PF, nous avons ensuite montré que la modulation pharmacologique et électrique de l'activité du PF avait une incidence sur les crises hippocampiques, suggèrant un rôle du PF quant à la survenue et à la modulation des évènements paroxystiques hippocampiques. De ce fait, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'implication du thalamus intralaminaire dans le contrôle à distance des crises focales mésio-temporales, chez la souris EMLT.

Four experiments were conducted to investigate methods of producing transgenic bovine embryos entirely in vitro. Experiment 1 examined the effect of DNA microinjection at 11, 15 and 19 h after fertilization (haf) on survival rate and DNA detection frequency by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There was no difference in transgene detection frequency between treatments (53% at 11; 50% at 15; 48% at 19 haf). Of all injected embryos developing to the morula or blastocyst stage after 7 d in culture, 89% tested positive for the presence of the transgene by PCR. Greater developmental efficiencies can be obtained when injection is performed early in pronuclear formation (7% (11/161) at 11; 4% (61159) at 15; 1 % (1/165) at 19 haf; p<0.05). Experiment 2 examined the effect of microinjection of DNA into the germinal vesicle (gv) of bovine oocytes on subsequent development and detection of the transgene. Injection of the transgene into the gv reduced developmental rates compared to controls (control=23% (89/384); non-injected=9% (23/250); GV injected=5% (12/259); p<O.05). Transgene detection frequency was 64% (37/58). Injection of bovine oocytes before fertilization results in viable embryos containing the transgene, although at low frequencies. Experiment 3 was designed to examine whether the frequency of microinjected DNA detection by peR In whole bovine embryos would decline over a 21 d culture period. At d 0, the transgene was detected in 100% (46/46) of embryos analyzed. At d 7, detection frequency was 84% (51/62) in viable embryos, at d 14 49% (18/37), and at d 21 38% (3/8). DNA detection frequency in microinjected bovine embryos by PCR analysis does not give a reliable indication of live transgenic birth rates until after 14 d in culture. Experiment 4 examined microinjected bovine embryos for their potential use as donor embryos in nuclear transfer, or cloning. There was no difference in development between embryos cloned from microinjected donor embryos and those from control donor embryos (injected=11 % (37/377); control=9% (7/81); p>0.05). Of the embryos developing from microinjected donors, 32% (12/37) were PCR positive. Microinjected embryos can be successfully used in a nuclear transfer program to produce more viable embryos, and the resulting embryos may be more reliably screened by PCR. The efficiency of producing viable bovine embryos positive for the injected gene may be increased by performing microinjection early in pronuclear formation, and entering the resulting embryos into a nuclear transfer program. / Ph. D.

Biopharmaceuticals, including proteins, DNA and vaccines, are one of the fastest growing segments of the overall pharmaceutical market. While the hypodermic injection, the most common delivery method for these molecules, is effective, it also has limitations, including low patient compliance, need for medically trained personnel and biohazardous sharps after delivery. The overall goal of this thesis was to develop a new delivery system for biopharmaceuticals, based on dissolving polymer microneedles, which is effective and more patient compliant than the hypodermic needle. Microneedles are microscopic needles that are large enough to insert into the skin to deliver drugs effectively, while being short enough to avoid the pain causing nerves deep in the skin. An additional benefit of polymer microneedles is that the needles completely dissolve in the skin, leaving behind no biohazardous sharps. There are significant material and fabrication issues that must be overcome in the development of this new device. The first part of this thesis focused on the development of a new fabrication process, based on in situ photopolymerization, for the creation of polymer microneedles. These microneedles were shown to successfully insert into the skin, dissolving within a minute to deliver the encapsulated cargo, and retain full activity of encapsulated proteins. Next, we applied the microneedle technology to the delivery of the influenza virus. We found that the reformulation process required to encapsulate the influenza virus in polymer microneedles did not affect the antigenicity or immunogenicity of the virus. In addition, we used coated metal microneedles to successfully immunize mice with the influenza virus, verifying the delivery capabilities of a microneedle system. Finally, we used the dissolving polymer microneedles to successfully immunize mice with the influenza virus, resulting in full protection against lethal challenge after one immunization. This immune response was equivalent to the control intramuscular injection. In conclusion, we have developed dissolving polymer microneedles as an effective and patient compliant delivery system for biopharmaceuticals. This system could be especially applicable to mass immunization efforts or home use, since it can be self-administered and allows for easy disposal with no biohazardous sharps.