The extent to which labour market are affected by trade liberalization depends crucially on their ease of reallocating labour and factors of production across regions and sectors of the economy. However, previous literature has provided little insight on the role of migration and labour market frictions in shaping the effects of trade reform across regions in South Africa (SA). This paper considers this key question by observing the effect of tariff reform on the spatial reallocation of labour across sectors and regions over the period, 1996 to 2011. Overall, tariff reductions on imports in SA has induced spatial reallocation of labour in SA with a dominant flow of labour from regions/sectors with characteristically high tariff reductions towards regions/sectors of low tariff reductions. Critically, the paper finds that pull factors assimilated through the import competition channel have a positive significant effect on the migration rate, while the opposing push effect is insignificant.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Twenty five years after the last major morphological revision, phylogenetic relationships were inferred on the basis of a new DNA dataset for the African orchid subtribe Disinae, which includes the large genus Disa and the small genus Schizodium. One nuclear gene region (ITS) and two plastid gene regions (trnLF and matK) were sequenced for 136 ingroup, representing 70% of all known Disinae species, as well as for 7 outgroup taxa. The combined data matrix contained 4094 characters and was analysed using parsimony and Bayesian inference. The generic status of Schizodium can no longer be supported, as it is deeply embedded within the genus Disa. Furthermore, the currently recognised subgenera do not reflect the phylogenetic relationships. Several of the currently recognised sections are monophyletic, others contain misplaced elements, while some are polyphyletic. These results necessitate a re-classification of the Disinae. A monotypic subtribe Disinae and a subdvision of Disa into eighteen sections is formally proposed. These sections are monophyletic, well-supported, morphologically distinguishable and are delimited to maximize the congruence with the previous classification. All currently known species are enumerated and assigned to sections. Likelihood optimisation onto a dated molecular phylogeny is subsequently used to explore the historical biogeography of Disa, as well as of three other Cape lineages (Irideae p.p., the Pentaschistis clade and Restionaceae), to find out where these lineages originated and how they spread through the Afrotemperate region. Three hypotheses have been proposed: (i) a tropical origin with a southward migration towards the Cape; (ii) a Cape origin with a northward migration into tropical Africa and (iii) vicariance. None of these hypotheses, however, has been thoroughly tested. In all cases, tropical taxa are nested within a predominantly Cape clade and there is unidirectional migration from the Cape into the Drakensberg and from there northwards into tropical Africa. Dating estimates show that the migration into tropical East Africa has occurred in the last 17 million years, consistent with the Mio-Pliocene formation of the mountains in this area. The same technique is then utilised to reconstruct the temporal occurrence of ancestral ecological attributes of the genus Disa. The first appearance of species in the grassland and savanna biomes, as well as in the subalpine habitat, are in agreement with the existing, reliable geological and paleontological information. This suggests that phylogenies can be used to date events for which other information is lacking or inconclusive, such as the age of the fynbos biome and the start of the winter rainfall regime in southern Africa. The results indicate that these are much older than what is currently accepted and date back to at least the Oligocene. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vyf-en-twintig jaar na die laaste groot morfologiese hersiening, is die filogenetiese verwantskappe van die Afrika orgideë subtribus Disinae, wat die groot genus Disa en die klein genus Schizodium insluit, in hierdie studie op grond van ‘n nuwe DNA datastel afgelei. Daar is van 136 binnegroep, wat 70% van alle bekende Disinae spesies verteenwoordig, sowel as sewe buitegroep taksa geenopeenvolgings van een nukleêre geen streek (ITS) en twee plastiedgeen streke (trnLF en matK) bepaal. Die gekombineerde data matriks het 4094 karakters bevat en is met die parsimonie en Bayesian metodes ontleed. Die generiese status van Schizodium kan nie hieruit ondersteun word nie, en is diep ingebed binne die genus Disa. Die huidiglik aanvaarde subgenera word ook nie deur hierdie filogenie ondersteun nie. Verskeie van die huidiglik herkende seksies is bevind om monofileties te wees, ander bevat verkeerd geplaasde spesies, terwyl ander polifileties blyk te wees. ’n Monotipiese subtribus Disinae en ’n onderverdeling van Disa in agtien seksies word formeel voorgestel. Dié seksies is monofilities, goed ondersteun, morfologies onderskeibaar en omskryf om maksimaal ooreen te stem met die vorige klassifikasie. Alle huidiglik bekende spesies word gelys en toegewys aan seksies. Waarskynlikheidsoptimalisering op ’n gedateerde molekulêre filogenie is dan gebruik om die historiese biogeografie van Disa te ondersoek, tesame met drie ander Kaapse groepe (Irideae p.p., die Pentaschistis klade en Restionaceae), om te bepaal waar hierdie groepe hulle oorsprong gevind het en hoe hulle na die “Afrotemperate“ streek versprei het. Drie hipoteses word voorgestel: (i) ’n tropiese oorsprong met ’n suidwaartse migrasie na die Kaap; (ii) ’n Kaapse oorsprong met ’n noordwaartse migrasie na tropiese Afrika, en (iii) vikariansie. Geen van hierdie hipoteses is egter vantevore deeglik getoets nie. In alle gevalle is bevind dat die tropiese taksa oorwegend binne ’n Kaapse klade gesetel is, en dat daar ’n eenrigting migrasie is van die Kaap na die Drakensberge en van daar noordwaarts na tropiese Afrika. Dateringsskattings toon dat die migrasie na tropiese Oos-Afrika in die laaste 17 miljoen jaar plaasgevind het, ooreenstemmend met die Mio-Plioseen vorming van die berge in die area. Dieselfde tegniek is daarna aangewend om die temporale voorkoms van voorvaderlike ekologiese eienskappe van die genus Disa te rekonstrueer. Die eerste voorkoms van die spesies in die grasveld en savanna biome, sowel as die subalpiene habitat, is in ooreenstemming met bestaande, betroubare geologiese en paleontologiese informasie. Dit suggereer dat filogenieë gebruik kan word om gebeurtenisse te dateer waarvoor daar informasie ontbreek of nie beslissend is nie, soos die ouderdom van die Fynbos bioom en die begin van die winterreënval stelsel in suider-Afrika. Die resultate dui daarop dat dit heelwat ouer is as wat tans aanvaar word en terugdateer na ten minste die Oligoseen.

Thesis (D Admin (Public Administration))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2015. / The aim of this study was to model internal migration in South Africa using the 2011 Census data. The net-internal migration was modelled in the district municipalities of South Africa using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). In this study, the following global and local modelling techniques were used, Gravity, Poisson, Negative Binomial (NB), Gamma, and GWR model (local model). Poisson and NB failed to fit the migration data, while the Gamma model managed to fit the data reasonably well. The GWR model performed better than OLS regression in modelling net-internal migration in district municipalities of South Africa. The results from these models revealed that there was a strong relationship between internal migration and economic variables, as well as living conditions and demographic variables. The Monte Carlo significance test results showed that the parameters of the white population vary significantly across space. The results of the study signal that the differences in social and economic disparities in the district municipalities of South Africa are the drivers of internal migration.

Several studies have documented the positive impact of post-apartheid development programmes on economic livelihoods in South Africa. This study explores the impact of post-apartheid policies with a focus on differences across geographical types (geo-types). In this study, I first analyse the design and implementation of key post-apartheid government policies through the lens of urban bias and synergist development theory. Next, I use national-level household survey data from the 1997 October Household Survey (OHS), the 2002 General Household Survey (GHS), and the first (2008) wave of the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) to describe key trends and differences in demographic and socio-economic characteristics across geo-types. In doing so, the data reveal large differences between rural and urban areas. Although a few socio-economic disparities have narrowed somewhat since 1997, most differences remain substantial in 2008. The research also finds that the „rural‟ and „urban‟ binary categories provide an incomplete portrait of socio-economic realities in South Africa. More specifically, the four-geo type data identified in the NIDS 2008 uncover significant differences within rural and urban areas which make households located in tribal authority and urban informal areas more vulnerable to poverty.Using poverty and regression analysis, the study concludes that geo-type of residence and other correlates of socio-economic well-being have a significant impact on differential poverty risk across geo-types. Importantly, even after controlling for a range of observable characteristics, geo-type of residence still has a significant effect on the probability that an individual resides in a poor household. Given these findings, the study advocates further research into factors influencing poverty risk in particular geo-types and more careful attention to differences across geo-types in both research and policy-making. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

The study was conceptualised against the background that leading migration theories explain return migration based on failure and success alone. The neo-classical economics theory of migration perceives return migration as a by-product of a failed migration experience while the new economics of labour migration perceives return as occurring after successful achievement of migration objectives. This study questions these theoretical positions through an exploration of the factors that deter South Africa-based Zimbabwean skilled migrants from returning home permanently notwithstanding a successful or failed migration experience. Furtive economic factors in Zimbabwe and South Africa that dissuade skilled migrants from returning home permanently are explored. Social factors in Zimbabwe and in South Africa that influence return migration decision making are also examined. Furthermore, the study analysed whether and how Zimbabwean skilled migrants are forced into a permanent settlement in South Africa as a result of what this study calls the ‘diaspora trap’. This ‘diaspora trap’ framework argues that Zimbabwean skilled migrants in South Africa do not return following their experiences of failure and success in South Africa. Central to the absence of return is the social construction of migrants as successful in Zimbabwe. Skilled migrants are deterred from returning due to their failure to meet family and communal expectations of success. In addition, return migration is deferred as a means to hide poverty in South Africa. Moreover, new diaspora family ties weaken attachments with Zimbabwe and contribute to deferred return migration. Skilled migrants are thus entrapped in South Africa by their failure to live up to the success social construct and the inability to mitigate adversities in the host country.

The Great Escarpment forms a semi-continuous mountain system 5 000 km long, stretching from Angola in the north-west, south through Namibia, and into western, southern and eastern South Africa, including Lesotho and Swaziland. It is composed of a wide variety of geological suites but is unified in representing the edge of the African plateau and the passive Gondwanan continental margin. The Great Escarpment falls into all major climatic zones on the subcontinent, is a repository of palaeo- and neo-endemics, hosts more than half of southern Africa‟s centres of plant endemism, and has a rich suite of endemic fauna. In addition, the Great Escarpment is believed to be both a refugium and corridor for biological diversity. Despite the biological richness of the Great Escarpment, research to date has been fragmented and many sections of the Great Escarpment have not been studied. The aim of this study is to contribute to research on the Great Escarpment by undertaking a detailed floristic study of the southern Great Escarpment (the Sneeuberg, Nuweveldberge and Roggeveldberge). Together these mountains comprise approximately 1 000 km (one fifth) of the Great Escarpment, and occupy a transition zone between the summer rainfall zone in the east and the winter rainfall zone in the west. They are also the sections of Great Escarpment most closely situated to the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) and would thus be involved in hypothesised migration routes for lineages that also occur further north through the Drakensberg Alpine Centre (DAC) to the East African mountain chain. Detailed fieldwork of the southern Great Escarpment was undertaken over a period of four years in all seasons. Approximately 8 000 specimens were collected. Particular emphasis was placed on areas that may represent refugia, i.e. the highest plateaux and peaks, mesic areas and cliff-lines. An overview of each mountain range, together with their endemic plant species and phytogeography, is provided. Approximately ten new species have been discovered during this study, two of which have been described to date. Numerous endemics only known from their types have also been rediscovered. The Sneeuberg is defined as a new centre of plant endemism on the Great Escarpment (endemism of 2.3%), and the role of the Boschberg and Groot-Bruintjieshoogde (part of the Sneeuberg) as a nexus for floristic migration routes is discussed. The Nuweveldberge is shown to have low endemism despite a floristic tally similar to the Sneeuberg, while the Roggeveldberge are confirmed to be the most endemic-rich section of the southern Great Escarpment. The field data collected was augmented by available data in taxonomic revisions, and floras for the Sneeuberg, Nuweveldberge and Roggeveldberge were compiled. In order to floristically compare the southern Great Escarpment with other sections of the Great Escarpment and the CFR, a database of some 12 000 taxa was created using available floristic data for the CFR, DAC and Great WinterbergAmatolas, together with the data collated for the Sneeuberg, Nuweveldberge and Roggeveldberge. These data were analysed using phenetic methods and Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE). The results indicate stronger linkages in the east, particularly between the Sneeuberg and Nuweveldberge, and between the Sneeuberg and the Great WinterbergAmatolas. The relationship of the Roggeveldberge with the rest of the southern Great Escarpment remains ambiguous. In order to refine notions of connectivity and migration routes, 19 well-sampled phylogenies were assessed for sister-taxon disjunctions to explore CFRGreat Escarpment connections. Palaeo-connectivity between the CFR and southern Great Escarpment is most strongly supported for the south-eastern (SE) connection, and less so for the north-western (NW) and Matjiesfontein connections. There is support for the current (or recent) use of these three connections from numerous species that occur on both sides of the connections. Results of these analyses indicate that the southern Great Escarpment is a palaeo-corridor, the functioning of which has been broken by the aridification of the Nuweveldberge since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Floristic connectivity is strongest in the east, from the Nuweveldberge to the DAC, and is less so in the west between the Nuweveldberge and the Roggeveldberge a finding attributed to the transition from a reliable winter rainfall regime on the Roggeveldberge to an unpredictable moisture regime on the Nuweveldberge. The mountains of the southern Great Escarpment are thus a series of refugia from a previous moister, cooler climate and are a corridor between the eastern and western components of the Great Escarpment. The SE connection is the primary link between the CFR and the eastern Great Escarpment Afromontane region in southern Africa. The implications of this research are that accurate conservation assessments and Red Data listings for many of the previously poorly-known endemics can now be made, and appropriate conservation measures implemented. Climate change remains the primary threat to these endemics and montane taxa in general, while degradation of wetlands is the primary threat to the water catchment service provided by the southern Great Escarpment. Future detailed research on the Great WinterbergAmatolas and Stormberg and a comprehensive flora of the HantamRoggeveldberge will further enhance our understanding of the floristics of the southern Great Escarpment, and provide the necessary data for comprehensive GIS-based models of proposed climate change scenarios for local, regional and national conservation planning.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / One of the fundamental challenges facing post-apartheid South Africa’s urban settlement planning has been the requirement for social cohesion. For this reason, urban transformation interventions involved the construction of mixed-income housing, wherein social cohesion among low- and middle-income households could be enforced. Far from rhetoric and the drift of middle-income households into cities that were previously the preserves for white people, urban South Africa remains deeply segregated. It is against this background that the study assessed the determinants of the manifestation of social cohesion in the Serala View residential area, which consists of diverse races and different socio-economic classes. The study is in a form of a case study, and has adopted the normative together with the historical research design. The study used both primary and secondary data to complement each other. These data is both qualitative and quantitative. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the purposively sampled respondents, and an interview schedule was used to solicit data from the key informants. The International Business Machine-Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS) version 22 software was use for analysis, with which a non-parametric t-test was conducted to determine the intensity of the respondents on the different dimensions of social cohesion. Analysis results reveal there are three typologies of mixed-income housing, which are generally recognized in urban areas of many countries, and that the Serala View is a Gated Townhouse Complex typology. Importantly, this typology is mainly identified by six physical characteristics, which are central in determining the manifestations of social cohesion in the gated townhouse complex typology. Importantly, target hardening, which refers to security measures, is considered to be the most important aspect in Serala View residential development. From the analyses and interpretation of the theoretical and empirical evidence, the dissertation concludes that the contributions of mixed-income housing towards social cohesion are mixed and non-straightforward. However, there is theoretical validity of the notion that such an approach could cultivate social cohesion among different socio-economic classes. Results from Serala View Residential area largely confirm this theoretical positioning. This dissertation concedes that implementation discrepancies could be the real elephant in the room, rather than the fault of the idea itself. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / The thesis attempts to illuminate the process through which identitities, apparently strongly "ethnic", are constructed by migrant women, and to examine how these differ from the equivalent identities constructed by men. The focus is upon northern Transvaal migrancy, and special emphasis is given to the central role played by musical performance - particularly that of the style called kiba - in constituting migrant associations. Men and women form separate dance associations: the thesis is concerned particularly with migrant women, and sets the dance groups in the broader setting of female migrancy in southern Africa. This is a phenomenon which has been neglected in the literature. The thesis criticises the adaptive emphasis of earlier Writings on migrant association, and the lack of "local knowledge" in Marxist accounts, Performers of the genre emphasise that the music is "traditional",and their lyrics legitimate the present experiences of contemporary composers by juxtaposing them with the past experiences of older ones. They view the roles they play in relation to their family members both living dependents and deceased forebears - in terms of stereotypes laid down by Sotho custom. But these independent migrant female performers of the genre, in contrast to their rurally-domiciled and. dependent counterparts, are women whose disrupted and geographically mobile upbringing has led them to seek out modernity and progress rather than an adherence to the ways of "traditionalists". They are primary breadwinners for their natal families. Custom and tradition provide an idiom in terms of which, while retaining affiliations to men's kiba sufficient to ensure their continued access to a performance space and an audience, they enunciate an identity as relatively autonomous and emancipated migrants in an urban context. / Andrew Chakane 2018

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, June 2017. / Tourism contributes to economic development in both developed and developing countries. Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) travel is one of the largest forms of tourism on a global level. However, there has been limited research over the past decades on VFR travel. In recent times, VFR travel has attracted the attention of researchers due to increasing rate of migration resulting in the promotion of regional tourism through VFR travel. Despite the influx of migrants in South Africa, research on international VFR travel has been limited as most research on VFR travel has been on local level from one province to another. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the expenditure pattern of Zimbabweans travelling to and from South Africa for VFR purposes. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify the benefits of VFR travel to individual households in Zimbabwe. Using a quantitative framework, 200 questionnaires were distributed to Zimbabweans and a Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) was used as an analysis tool. The theory of consumer behaviour was implemented to discuss and analyse the findings, revealing that VFR travellers from South Africa spend more than VFR travellers to South Africa on transport cost, food and beverages, entertainment and financial remittances. The expenditure is based on socio-demographic and travel-related characteristics. As a result of VFR travellers’ expenditure, the benefits, which are directed to individual households in Zimbabwe, include household upkeep, education, business investment, health and other reasons. Thus this study focuses attention on international VFR travel and its contribution to the tourism economy in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Key Words: Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR), Tourism, Migration, Expenditure, Regional Tourism, South Africa, Zimbabwe. / XL2018