abstract: ABSTRACT Although the US government has been using remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), more commonly referred to as drones, to conduct military strikes against terrorists and insurgents since at least 2001, only around 2011 did media outlets and polling organizations began assessing the attitudes of Americans towards the use of drones as a weapon of war. Initially, public support for drone strikes was robust with nearly 70 percent of Americans expressing approval. As the discussion of drone strikes intensified however, public support declined over 10 percentage points. Only a handful of studies have examined public opinion and drone strikes, and all have focused exclusively on explaining support. This study seeks to fill this gap in the literature and explain opposition to drone strikes. The primary argument put forth in this dissertation is that people’s beliefs determine their opinions, and their morality determines their beliefs. Although independent opinion formation is often considered a cognitive process, I argue that, at least in the case of drone strikes, the opinion formation process is largely an affective one. By examining media coverage and elite discourse surrounding drone strikes, I isolate three narratives which I believe communicate certain messages to the public regarding drone strikes. I argue that the messages produced by elite discourse and disseminated by the media to the public are only influential on opinion formation once they have been converted to beliefs. I further argue that conversion of message to belief is largely dependent on individual moral attitudes. To test my arguments, I conduct a survey-experiment using subjects recruited from Arizona State University’s School of Politics and Global Studies student subject pool. My research findings lead to two key conclusions. First, opposition to drone strikes is largely the product of the belief(s) that drone strikes are not necessary for protecting the United States from terrorist attack, and that drone strikes kill more civilians than do strikes from conventional aircraft. Second, whether an individual expresses support or opposition to drone strikes, moral attitudes are a relatively good predictor of both beliefs and disposition. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Political Science 2019

<p> America&rsquo;s longest war will end in defeat, but it is still possible to achieve a tolerable outcome to the war in Afghanistan. The United States must decide the best alternative for ending the war and it must decide now. The U.S. has limited time to make meaningful progress on the negotiation front before completing its withdrawal from Afghanistan. This study analyzes whether or not the U.S. should negotiate with the Taliban to end the war in Afghanistan and the defense policy implications this decision has on U.S. national security. </p>

<p>Increasingly more service members are separating from the military as the United States draws down the force and moves towards a post-war era. Tens of thousands of these veterans will leverage their GI Bill tuition and housing benefits in an attempt to access Southern California community colleges and bolster their transition into mainstream society. Some of these men and women have served multiple tours in combat zones and carry with them the burden of physical and mental injuries. After 4 years of GI Bill benefits costing over $20 billion and supporting 750,000 veterans or their dependents, it is unclear whether these veterans have been successful in higher education. This study starts the dialogue for further quantitative research on this diverse population. </p><p> Using quantitative methodologies based on a nontraditional student attrition model, 261 student veterans at three Southern California community colleges were surveyed to determine how military service affects their persistence. Background variables, academic and social integration, psychological outcomes, and military service perspective as related to student veterans' intent to persist, college GPA, and rate of attendance formed the framework for research. Findings show that student veterans' intent to continue their educational goals is affected by their military service perspective. Military service is a significant intervening variable that distinguishes veterans from other nontraditional students at community colleges. Military GPA was found to have a stronger association with college GPA than high school GPA. Although academic integration was the strongest predictor of college GPA, the most successful student veterans balance their work, family, and academic lives. Although some findings relate closely to existing higher education literature, the experience and perspective of military service produces both advantages and disadvantages for veterans in college. Accounting for veterans' persistence and acknowledging their diversity are measures which will strengthen their chances for academic success. Recommendations for policy, practice, and future research are addressed in this study. </p>

<p> The purpose for conducting the quantitative correlational study was to determine if international military education and training (IMET) courses affect the civil-military perceptions of foreign students. The secondary purpose for conducting the correlational study was to determine if there was a relationship between Africans and Western Hemispheric students&rsquo; perceptions of how civilian control of the military influenced their understanding of democracy in the United States, international human rights standards, and their professional development. The analyses of the data revealed there were statistically significant relationships between the dependent and independent variables to conclude foreign students value IMET. Because of the value foreign students placed on IMET training, the civil-military perceptions of foreign students were affected by IMET training. The significance of the outcome of the study to leadership filled the gap in the literature regarding measures of effectiveness for IMET programs. The conclusion of the quantitative correlational study contributed new information to the literature. Two new pieces of information involved African and Western Hemispheric students, primarily military, who conducted professional development with U.S. forces value IMET courses. From the findings of the correlational study, policymakers have clear evidence IMET courses influenced students. A significant correlation between value and influence as reported by African and Western Hemispheric students was noted in the findings. Because of the linking of the two indicators, policymakers can place IMET on a higher priority compared to government programs showing unclear results.</p>

<p> The purpose of this project was to design a program, identify potential funding sources, and write a grant to fund a support group for spouses and partners of returning veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The diagnosis of PTSD is difficult for the individual and his or her loved ones as well. An extensive literature review increased the knowledge of PTSD and its affects on the veteran and his or her loved ones. A search was conducted for potential funding sources via the Internet, CSULB library, and other public libraries. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSA) was selected as the best funding source for this project. Information is provided about practices that assist spouses and/or partners of individuals diagnosed with PTSD, which were used in the program design. The actual submission and/or funding of this grant was not a requirement for the successful completion of this project.</p>

<p> The overall scope of naval missions has remained largely unchanged despite the loss of more than 8,000 naval personnel each year since 2002. The downsized naval workforce experienced an overload in work assignments and an increase of health-related issues resulting in lowered morale, motivation, job satisfaction, and productivity. Maslow's theory of hierarchy of needs links personal satisfaction to work productivity, which is critical for naval personnel to protect national security, provide humanitarian services, and respond to international crises effectively. This phenomenological study included semi-structured interviews with military and civilian leaders at naval bases located in San Diego and El Centro, CA. Participants reflected on their lived experiences, feelings, and interactions concerning the downsizing phenomenon. Primary themes, generated by a modified van Kaam technique, were related to the change of personal values, Navy readiness and balance force, and leadership's effectiveness and efficiency. The primary finding was the need for naval leaders to communicate downsizing decisions effectively. Additional research is needed to expound on the perceived unfairness in the implementation of downsizing decisions. Social change may occur for naval personnel, community members, and other external stakeholders through the improvement of downsizing communication practices that might reduce health risk factors, economic deflation, and population migration.</p>

<p> Having a partner as a part of the military induces a level of great stress. There is an absence of literature focusing on the unique circumstances that Reservist and National Guard soldiers and their families face with deployment. This project aimed to explore the unique challenges of part-time military families, looking specifically into how partners of reservist military and regular military soldiers significantly differ in their description of the deployment experience and relational/marital satisfaction, as well as if deployment experience factors or certain demographic characteristics of partners of soldiers predict reported rates of marital satisfaction. A snowballing method to recruit participants was used in which participants accessed an internet-based survey, which consisted of demographics, deployment information, and contact during deployment, and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS). Dyadic adjustment of regular army and reservist partners revealed a minor difference of relational cohesion based on partner's military affiliation. Differences in reported martial satisfaction were also found to be influenced by age and the interaction of age and partner's military affiliation. Partners of regular army soldiers also indicated having a greater number of resources available for support during deployment and utilizing a greater number of methods to maintain contact during deployment. Qualitative analysis of participants' descriptions of challenges and recommendations suggested parenting and childcare to be the most common challenge among regular and reservist components. Partners of regular army soldiers also appeared to frequently specify the need for social supports to be military affiliated. Limitations and contributions of findings are also discussed.</p>

<p> This non-experimental quantitative study using structural equation modeling and the theory of planned behavior examined the relationships between latent variables, affective commitment and continuance commitment, and manifest variables, career intent and retention incentive decision behavior. The sample consisted of 598 U.S. Army Captains (14% of population) who met inclusion criteria of being commissioned in 2005 and answered all questions on the archival U.S. Army Research Institute's 2007 Survey of Officer Careers. Using fit indices such as RMSEA at 0.068 and the Bentler CFI at 0.93 the final model was considered an acceptable-to-good fit, where each increase of 1 point in career intent significantly predicted increased retention incentive decision behavior by 1/7 of a point (<i>b</i> = 0.142,<i>p</i> &lt; .0001, &beta; = 0.409). An increase in 1 point in affective commitment predicted increases in career intent by almost 2 points (<i>b</i> = 1.86, <i>p </i> &lt; .0001, &beta;= 0.457) and each point increase of continuance commitment increased career intent by a little over 1/2 a point (<i> b</i> = 0.612,<i>p</i> &lt; .0001, &beta; = 0.234). There were three conclusions from this study. First, the final model extended the theory of planned behavior to the attitudes and intentions of Captains who were presented a retention incentive lending insights into remuneration for retaining entry-level employees for continued service in closed personnel systems. Second, affective commitment and continuance commitment were significant predictors of increases in career intent, and high career intent was a significant predictor of a taking a retention incentive, as the theoretical model predicted. Third, Army senior leaders were successful in retaining Army Captains with higher organizational commitment and career intent than those Captains who did not take an incentive. Four recommendations were made for Army practice: a.) continue the longitudinal survey, b.) continue to monitor external conditions and the effects on retention, c.) link leadership climate to retention, d.) tailor retention programs on retaining mid-grade officer talent. Three recommendations for future research include: a.) add non-native commitment to the longitudinal study, b.) consider the effects of remuneration on the profession of arms, and c.) analyze additional intervening variables in the model. </p>

<p> The purpose of this project was to write a grant proposal seeking funds for a program that utilizes service dogs as a supplementary intervention for veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The literature review addressed the prevalence of PTSD in the United States and among our veterans. In addition, PTSD challenges, risk factors, and direct consequences were explored. Pet therapy, service animals, and animal companionship were researched and reviewed to further analyze the effectiveness of their support with humans. </p><p> The service dog program will be implemented at The Veterans Affair (VA) Health Care System in Long Beach, California. The program seeks to provide additional support to veterans who are utilizing mental health services at the VA. The intervention is projected to have the following outcomes, decreased PTSD symptoms, increased community integration, and decreased feelings of suicidal ideation. The actual submission and/or funding of this grant were not a requirement for the successful completion of this project.</p>

<p> Military organizations are often called upon to assist with emergency management missions, so it is critical that they have appropriately established and well understood organizational perceptual factors. Military organizations are often unique within a nation, which increases the challenge for scholars to effectively analyze how organizational factors are influenced by the dynamics of national use of military forces for emergency management missions. There are several disparate theories of government organization, but the most recent and relevant is Keith James' organizational science of disaster and terrorism prevention and response theory. James' theory identified several important organizational factors specific to emergency management organizations. These factors include organizational structure and networks, processes, teams, leadership, and technology. James' organizational factors guided the development of this qualitative comparative case study's interview protocol with 24 members from the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of the United States National Guard and Israeli Homefront Command. Results revealed why two nations use their military forces for disaster response as well as provided a description of how each organization is used within their respective nation. The data affirmed aspects of James' theory, including relevant structural, networking, and procedural factors and identified the other organizational factors within James' theory as possible areas for future research. Finally, based upon interview participant perceptions, recommendations were made to the leadership of the Homefront Command and National Guard regarding areas of potential organizational emphasis to include internal messaging, additional doctrine, and clarified organizational structures for disaster response.</p>