Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-20T17:26:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2016_TESE_Mariana Bonates.compressed.pdf: 8003505 bytes, checksum: d996139c4075325c7d9c693f101e0123 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T17:26:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2016_TESE_Mariana Bonates.compressed.pdf: 8003505 bytes, checksum: d996139c4075325c7d9c693f101e0123 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-15 / CAPES / Em 1949, foi lançado um programa de construção de áreas residenciais militares nos Estados Unidos, o qual foi reformulado em 1955 e funcionou até o início dos anos sessenta. No Brasil, em 1956, Juscelino Kubitschek aprovou a construção de Brasília ao mesmo tempo em que assinou um decreto destinando uma grande soma de recursos para a produção de vilas militares em todo o território nacional por um período de dez anos. Essas ações constituíram parte de uma cultura militar que se fortaleceu no segundo pós-guerra e foi marcada por acordos de cooperação e intercâmbios entre os dois países, com impactos nos sistemas de treinamento e de educação da instituição militar brasileira. Destacou-se, nesse sentido, a cooperação técnica entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos na organização do Concurso de Anteprojetos de Arquitetura para o Centro Técnico da Aeronáutica (CTA). Este projeto, concebido por Niemeyer, foi divulgado mundialmente com as publicações de Hitchcock (1955), Mindlin (1956) e Papadaki (1960), tendo contribuído na formação de um retrato de casas militares modernas, de acordo com a imagem difundida da arquitetura brasileira naquele momento. Aparte deste caso isolado do projeto do CTA, pouco se sabe sobre o home front dos militares no Brasil, apesar dos incentivos financeiros acima mencionados. Diante dessa lacuna historiográfica, este trabalho investigou os projetos urbanos e arquitetônicos das áreas residenciais do Exército no Brasil durante o segundo pós-guerra, de modo a enriquecer o debate academicamente estabelecido sobre o entrelaçamento de técnicas militares com o universo da arquitetura e do urbanismo. Para tanto, partiu-se da análise de uma série de projetos urbanos e arquitetônicos elaborados entre 1946 e 1971 – período de atuação de um órgão específico de obras da instituição militar, a Diretoria de Obras e Fortificações do Exército (DOFE). Analisando os dados sob uma perspectiva internacional, desenvolveu-se uma trama discursiva acerca da arquitetura e do urbanismo das áreas residenciais militares no Brasil e Estados Unidos. Salienta-se que não se tratou de um estudo comparativo, mas de um entendimento da experiência norteamericana e brasileira, a fim de se compreender os elementos que poderiam formar uma cultura generalizada de produção residencial militar durante a Guerra Fria, abrindo espaço para um novo campo de investigação. O fato é que a concepção das vilas militares no Brasil pode ser sumarizada como a burocratização da concepção projetual, em que o processo era mais importante do que o produto propriamente dito e incluía um método de concepção estandardizável que materializava as demandas e características da instituição. O método foi marcado, sobretudo, pela estandardização com variação dos projetos-tipo de arquitetura, fenômeno que foi chamado de modified modern nos trópicos em referência à prática do modified modern nos Estados Unidos. / In 1949, the United States launched a housing program aiming to finance the construction of military housing all over the country. In 1955 that program was reformulated into another one and held its activities up until the beginning of the sixties. In Brazil, in 1956, the current president, Juscelino Kubitschek, approved the construction of the new capital, Brasilia, and signed a decree allowing a huge financial support along 10 years for the production of military housing throughout the country as well. This set of actions could be considered as part of a military culture, which grew stronger after World War II and included military exchanges and international cooperation between Brazil and the United States. As an outcome of those exchanges, American military doctrine became an inspiration to the Brazilian military institution, specially into their training and educational systems. Another outcome that also indicates an intricate web between a military universe and an architectural culture in Brazil was the technical cooperation between Brazilians and Americans to organize an Architectural Competition for the Technical Center of the Air Force in Brazil´s hinterland (Centro Técnico da Aeronáutica – CTA). Niemeyer´s proposal was the winning design and it was worldwide published by Hitchcock (1955), Mindlin (1956) e Papadaki (1960). Nevertheless the CTA was an unique case, those publications might have contributed for the creation of a modern military housing image, in accordance with the Brazilian modern architecture as it was being shaped and spread at that point. Besides the CTA design, very little is known about the military home front in Brazil, despite the financial support for the construction of this postwar real estate. Based on the lack of studies about this topic, this dissertation aimed to investigate the postwar military housing blueprints in Brazil in order to increase the academic debate already well established about the web between military techniques and an urban and architectural culture. To accomplish the goal, a set of urban and architectural blueprints designed among 1946 up until 1971 were evaluated. That timeframe was grounded on the postwar work of the department in charge of most of the engineering activities of the Army, the DOFE (Diretoria de Obras e Fortificações do Exército), which means “The Army´s Division of Works and Fortifications”. The database was evaluated taking into consideration an international perspective so that a narrative about American and Brazilian´s military housing could be properly developed. Nonetheless, it did not mean a comparative study but only a method to comprehend some common features that might support the idea of a worldwide culture of military housing production during the Cold War period. In this sense, it could provide a new field of investigation and further studies. In sum, the military housing in Brazil was planned under a bureaucratic process, which was far more important than the product itself, and included a standardized method of design. This method was characterized by the architectural variation of the standard and called modified modern in the tropics, in a reference to a design practice developed in the United States know as modified modern.

This study examines collaborative working in the provision of housing services, explored by focusing on military veterans as the client group. Military veterans are recognised as being over represented in the homeless population and they are one of the few employment groups who usually have to give up their homes when they give up their employment. Therefore, access to services that assist them into housing are likely to be an important resource for them. This study adopted a case study approach and an online survey to obtain empirical evidence to explore the extent of organisations working together to provide housing services for military veterans in Scotland. The work was underpinned by theoretical frameworks in governance, networks and partnership working. Governance theory provides an understanding of how state control impacts on organisational relationships and the fragmentation of public service delivery, with the associated drivers for collaborative working to provide cohesion into the system. Studying governance focuses attention on the blurring of organisational boundaries, which both enable and restrict partnership working. It requires actors to be prepared to take risks beyond their institutional boundaries to work with others; this is a barrier for some practitioners who do not have the remit to take such risks. The findings suggest veterans experience problems at the points of interaction with generic public service providers. Also, there is a perception that this group may have, or develop, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This perception may be over emphasised, however social housing providers are concerned about supporting this group in social housing tenancies. Three themes emerged from the study. Firstly, coherent, rational and strategic drivers for collaborative working exist and are clear. Secondly, the obstacles to this rational objective of collaborative working include differing organisational objectives and ethos and the effects of state control on different types of organisations. Actors have to overcome these barriers to work with others, in networks, in order to provide services resulting in messy and patchy delivery. Finally, service users are left to negotiate the resulting disjointed and chaotic service provision. The thesis concludes that organisational collaborations to house military veterans are relatively new, and the extent of this activity is likely to be low throughout Scotland. Whilst collaborative working does improve housing outcomes for some military veterans, as an overall strategy it fails to deliver for all.

Military personnel are faced with having to move every three to four years, making it extremely difficult to build any equity in a home when they are forced to refinance their loan every time they buy and sell their home. This continuous churn of home loans over a 20 year career, results in military personnel ending their career with little equity in a home because they have primarily only paid the high interest portions of the loans to financial institutions and any equity gained from rising home prices is offset by closing costs. This research will review the current approaches to housing for military personnel, develop the stakeholders needs, propose new approaches to meet these needs, analyze these new approaches and identify the recommended new approaches. The major players in military home purchases have been the service member, Department of Defense, local real estate services, and financial institutions. Local real estate services and financial institutions are currently the groups benefiting from the churn of homes by service members so they have no obvious incentive to change. The research will break down the resources of each of these players and align them with new approaches to real estate. The new approaches listed below will establish the need for large property management/developers that have purchasing powers within the real estate markets similar to Wal-Mart/Sams Club within the consumer goods market. With the military base realignment and closure almost complete, Department of Defense looking to get out of the housing business and the military clearly at a low manning level, the markets are now primed for this transformation. New approaches include planned communities that are built specifically for military personnel and owned by the corporation. These communities can be strategically located near the bases (real estate values are often low adjacent to military bases), constructed according to the Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) rate for each location, constructed for frequent resident moves, service contracts for maintenance, utilities maintained by corporation and then billed directly to residents, community center geared toward spouse and military activities and key business (veterinarian, pet boarding, video store, coffee shops, restaurants, military gear store, etc). If the corporation owned 2000 houses, there would be 4000 members with 30 year loans to maintain the equity for the homes.

Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / The Military Housing Privatization Initiative (MHPI) represents a dramatic revision in the construction and maintenance of military housing. Since its inception in 1996, the number of projects has grown exponentially and the learning process has been continuous and steep. This thesis researches the effectiveness of the methods in place at the Department of Defense and Service levels to document, share, and, above all, learn from past experiences. This analysis reviews the cumulative documented lessons from all Services and compares it to the lessons learned within the first jointly partnered privatization project at the Presidio of Monterey (POM) and Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey, California. This research showed at least six lessons previously documented within the lessons learned system, which were relearned at the POM/NPS project. Given this data, the lessons learned program is a partial success but overall has a positive impact on the MHPI. The current lessons learned program improves each new privatization project ensuring it does not experience all of the same lessons from previous projects. Only a few lessons seem to slip through the cracks and are repeated even after documentation and distribution. / Captain, United States Army

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. / Cover title. "June 2002." AD-A405 990. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-80). Also available via the World Wide Web.