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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

A Comparison of Sweet Cream Buttermilk Powder with Nonfat Dried Milk Solids in the Manufacture of Ice Cream

Yanasugondha, Davi 01 May 1951 (has links)
Properly dried sweet cream buttermilk, because of its high fat and lecithin contents, should make superior ice cream. Its use as a source of serum solids in ice cream. Its use as a source of serum solids in ice cream mix would open an outlet for this butter by-product and would serve the needs of ice cream manufacturers during nonfat dry milk solids shortage and it may make a higher score ice cream. The demand for milk solids shortage and it may make a higher score ice cream. The demand for milk solids has been increasing so rapidly that today the by-products of the dairy industry are being utilized as sources of human food to a much greater extent than before. In past years the greater bulk of creamery buttermilk has been utilized as animal feeds. Attempts are being made to convert more of this by-product into channels of human consumption. As the manufacture of sweet cream butter is increasing at a rapid pace, a larger supply of buttermilk product of high quality which is fit for human consumption is available in the market. Many previous investigators have used buttermilk products as a source of serum solids in ice cream mix with favorable results. The advantage claimed has been that it tends to improve the whipping ability of ice cream mixes and to impart richer flavor to the product. These beneficial qualities have been attributed to the butterfat and the phospholipids, of which lecithin is predominant. The work of Chapman and Supplee shows that buttermilk and cream contins several times as much licithin as skimmilk. The amounts of total phospholipids reported by Holm et al and Wright et al are approximately 1.77 per cent in dry buttermilk and 1.06 per cent in dry skim milk.
2

Prevalência da mastite subclínica em rebanhos brasileiros e o efeito sobre a composição do leite / Prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Brazilian herds and the effect on milk composition

Winckler, João Pedro Pereira 25 March 2019 (has links)
A mastite é uma das doenças mais prevalentes e de maior impacto a cadeia do leite. Apesar da mastite subclínica não apresentar sintomas aparentes é responsável pela redução na produção, qualidade, rendimento industrial e tempo de prateleira do leite. A CCS do tanque (CCST) tem sido utilizada como indicador do número de vacas infectadas nos rebanhos, entretanto indicadores calculados a partir da CCS individual, como a prevalência, refletem com maior precisão a situação dos rebanhos frente a mastite subclínica. Dessa forma, os objetivos desse estudo foram estimar a prevalência (%) em grande população de rebanhos brasileiros, analisar os efeitos do tamanho dos rebanhos, estações do ano e CCST sobre esse indicador e o impacto na produção e composição do leite. Para isso, foram analisados 7213 testes diários (TD) de 860 rebanhos brasileiros que enviaram amostras para a \"Clínica do Leite\", no período entre janeiro de 2016 e maio de 2018. A prevalência (%) foi definida como o número de vacas com CCS >= 200 mil céls/mL, dividido pelo número de vacas em lactação do rebanho. Para analisar os efeitos do tamanho dos rebanhos, estações do ano e CCST sobre a prevalência e a CCST, essas variáveis foram comparadas dentro das diferentes categorias de tamanho de rebanho, estação do ano e contagem de células somáticas do tanque. Foram compiladas as variáveis CCS individual das vacas (mil céls/mL), número de vacas do rebanho, CCS do tanque (CCST) (mil céls/mL), produção média do rebanho (L/vaca/dia) e os constituintes do leite do tanque: gordura (%), proteína (%), caseína (%), lactose (%), extrato seco total (EST) (%) e nitrogênio ureico do leite (NUL) (mg/dL) para analisar o efeito da prevalência sobre a produção e componentes do leite. Os rebanhos foram categorizados quanto a prevalência e realizadas análises descritivas e de comparação de médias. Análises de regressão foram empregadas para estudar os efeitos quantitativos da prevalência sobre a composição e produção do leite. Para avaliar o grau de associação entre as variáveis de forma conjunta, foi utilizada a análise de correspondência multivariada. A média da prevalência no período estudado foi de 46,95% (860 rebanhos) e a mediana da CCST de 388 mil céls/mL (620 rebanhos). Tanto a prevalência como a CCST foram maiores no verão e outono (estações mais quentes e úmidas). Em rebanhos com baixa CCST (<= 200 mil céls/mL) não houve efeito do tamanho dos rebanhos sobre a prevalência, entretanto nas categorias com maior CCST, os rebanhos menores apresentaram maior prevalência. Com o aumento da prevalência dos rebanhos a produção de leite foi reduzida e a CCS do tanque aumentada. A lactose foi o único sólido do leite que apresentou redução na sua concentração com o aumento da prevalência, entretanto quando foram avaliados a produção de sólidos dos rebanhos em kg/dia, a gordura, proteína, lactose e o extrato seco total (EST) apresentaram redução em função da menor produção de leite. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo evidenciam o impacto da mastite subclínica nos rebanhos brasileiros, servem de alerta e estímulo para o governo, indústria e produtores criarem e implementarem programas de controle da mastite para a melhoria da qualidade do leite. / Mastitis is the most common infectious disease of dairy cows and results in considerable economic loss for both dairy farmers and milk processors. Although the subclinical mastitis do not show apparent symptoms, it is responsible for decrease milk production and quality, industrial income and shelf time. Bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) has been used as an index of number of infected cows at the herd, however, index calculated from the SCC at cow level, as prevalence, reflects better the herd situation regarding subclinical mastitis. Thus, the aim of this study were to estimate the prevalence (%) in a large population of Brazilian dairy herds, analyze the effects of herd size, season and BTSCC on the prevalence and the impact on milk production and composition. There were analyzed 7.213 test day from 860 Brazilian dairy herds from January 2016 to May 2018. The prevalence was taken as the number of the cows with SCC greater than 200.000 cell/mL and divided it by the number of lactating dairy cows of the herd. To evaluate the herd size, season and BTSCC categories effects on prevalence and BTSCC, these variables there were compared among different categories of herd size, season and BTSCC. There were collected the follow information: SCC at cow level (cell/mL), number of cows of the herd, BTSCC (cell/mL), milk production (L/cow/d) e bulk tank milk components: fat (%), protein (%), casein (%), lactose (%), total dry extract (%) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) (mg/dL) to analyze the prevalence effects on milk production and components. The herds there were categorized as prevalence and descriptive and t-student analysis were performed. Regression analysis were performed to evaluate the quantitative effects on milk production and composition. In order to evaluate the degree of association between the variables together, were performed multivariate correspondence analysis. The prevalence average was 46.95% (860 dairy herds) and the BTSCC median was 388.000 cell/mL (620 dairy herds). The prevalence and BTSCC were higher in the summer and fall (hottest and wet season). In the herds with low BTSCC (<= 200.000 cell/mL) there was no effect of herd size on prevalence, however, in those categories with higher BTSCC, the small herds showed higher prevalence. When prevalence was higher, the milk production decreased and the BTSCC was higher. The lactose concentration decreased when prevalence was high, however, when solids production (kg/d) was evaluated, fat, protein, lactose and total dry extract decreased due to lower milk production. The results found in this study show the impact of subclinical mastitis on Brazilian dairy herds, are an alert and stimulus for the government, industry and dairy farmers to create and implement mastitis control programs to improve milk quality.

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