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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Application of high pressure homogenization technology in the modification on milk-clotting enzymes = Aplicação da tecnologia de homogeneização à alta pressão na modificação de enzimas coagulantes do leite / Aplicação da tecnologia de homogeneização à alta pressão na modificação de enzimas coagulantes do leite

Leite Júnior, Bruno Ricardo de Castro, 1989- 24 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Marcelo Cristianini, Alline Artigiani Lima Tribst / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:58:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeiteJunior_BunoRicardodeCastro_M.pdf: 4205771 bytes, checksum: 2ccdbecbd8ae2dc92dd1978fbf86b48b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A homogeneização à alta pressão (HAP) é um processo capaz de alterar a conformação e funcionalidade de enzimas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) avaliar a influência da HAP até 190 MPa nas atividades proteolítica e de coagulação do leite bem como na estabilidade de quatro enzimas coagulantes do leite, (ii) acompanhar o processo de coagulação por ensaios reológicos e (iii) avaliar o desenvolvimento dos géis por 24 horas por meio das análises de proteólise, sinérese, reologia e microscopia. As avaliações foram feitas comparando-se os resultados obtidos com as enzimas processadas e não processadas. O coalho de vitelo processado a 190 MPa apresentou redução de 52% na atividade proteolítica, aumento da taxa de coagulação do leite e gel formado mais consistente. A avaliação deste gel por 24h indicou a formação de uma rede proteica com menor proteólise, maior sinérese, maior consistência e menor porosidade. Após processamento a 150 MPa, o coalho de bovino adulto apresentou redução da atividade proteolítica, aumento da atividade e estabilidade de coagulação do leite, maior taxa de coagulação do leite e formação de gel com maior consistência. O gel se mostrou mais compacto, firme e com maior expulsão do soro da matriz proteica nas 24h em que foi avaliado. A protease fúngica do Rhizomucor miehei foi a enzima mais resistente ao processo de HAP, sofrendo mínima ou nenhuma alteração na atividade proteolítica e de coagulação do leite quando processada até 190 MPa em diferentes concentrações e em múltiplos processos consecutivos. Entretanto, na avaliação reológica da coagulação do leite utilizando-se a protease fúngica homogeneizada a 190 MPa por até 3 ciclos ou quando homogeneizada a 190 MPa em soluções com concetração de 20 % foi observado aumento da consistência do gel. Para pepsina suína, as alterações na atividade proteolítica e de coagulação do leite só foram observadas durante a estocagem, com redução na atividade proteolítica e um aumento na atividade de coagulação do leite para enzima processada a 150 MPa. No entanto, esta enzima processada promoveu uma coagulação do leite mais rápida formando um gel mais consistente, mesmo imediatamente após o processamento por HAP. Durante a observação deste gel por 24h, este se mostrou mais compacto, firme, menos poroso e com maior liberação de soro da matriz proteica. De uma forma geral foi possível concluir que as maiores pressões aplicadas (150 MPa e 190 MPa) afetaram positivamente as enzimas avaliadas, com redução da atividade proteolítica inespecífica e aumento da atividade de coagulação de leite, com consequente formação de géis com menores níveis de proteólise, o que favorece a manutenção da rede proteica rígida, firme e coesa. Desta forma, conclui-se que a HAP é um processo promissor que pode ser aplicado como uma tecnologia para melhorar as características hidrolíticas das enzimas coagulantes do leite, especialmente quando se deseja diminuir atividade proteolítica e aumentar sua atividade de coagulação do leite. Além disso, a menor proteólise no gel pode resultar numa extensão da vida de prateleira de queijos frescos, por, possivelmente, reduzir a formação de compostos de sabor indesejável / Abstract: High pressure homogenization (HPH) is a process that can alter the conformation and functionality of enzymes. The objectives of this study were: (i) evaluate the influence of HPH up to 190 MPa on the proteolytic and milk-clotting activities and stability of four milk-clotting enzymes, (ii) monitor the coagulation process by rheological assays and (iii) evaluate the gel development for 24 hours analyzing proteolysis, syneresis, rheological and microstructural behavior. The evaluations were performed by comparing the results between the processed and non-processed enzymes. The calf rennet processed at 190 MPa decreased 52 % its proteolytic activity, increased the rate of milk-clotting and a more consistent gel was formed. The evaluation of the gel for 24 hours indicated the formation of a protein network with lower proteolysis, higher syneresis, higher consistency and lower porosity. After processing at 150 MPa adult bovine rennet showed a reduction proteolytic activity, increase activity and stability of milk-clotting, higher milk-clotting rate and formed more consistent gels. This gel was more compact, firm and higher whey separation of protein matrix during the 24 hours of evaluation. The fungal protease from Rhizomucor miehei was the most resistant enzyme to the HPH process, showing minimal or no change in proteolytic activity and milk coagulation when processed up to 190 MPa at different concentrations and multiple consecutive processes. However, in the rheological evaluation of milk coagulation using fungal protease homogenized to 190 MPa for up 3 cycles or when homogenized in a solution with a concentration of 20% observed increase in the consistency of the gel. For porcine pepsin, changes on proteolytic activity and milk coagulation were only observed during storage, with reduction of proteolytic activity and an increase on the milk-clotting activity for the enzyme processed at 150 MPa. However, this enzyme promoted a faster coagulation of milk forming more consistent gel immediately after the processing by HPH. During the observation of this gel for 24 hours, this was more compact, firm, less porous and more release of whey of the protein matrix. Overall it was concluded that the highest applied pressures (150 MPa and 190 MPa) positively affected the enzymes with reduced nonspecific proteolytic activity and increased milk-clotting activity, with consequent formation of gels with lower levels of proteolysis, which favors the maintenance of a network of protein rigid, firm and cohesive. Thus, it is concluded that HPH is a promising process that can be applied as a technology to improve the hydrolytic characteristics of milk coagulating enzymes, especially to reduce proteolytic activity and increase the milk-clotting activity. Furthermore, the lower proteolysis in the gel may result in an extension of the shelf life of fresh cheese, by possibly reducing the formation of bitterness flavor / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos
2

Distribution of Milk Clotting Enzymes Between Curd and Whey and Their Survival During Cheddar Cheese Manufacture

Holmes, David G. 01 May 1974 (has links)
A linear diffusion test in sedimentation tubes filled with caseinagar gel successfully measured milk clotting enzymes at concentrations of 10-4 to 1 X 10-l rennin units/ml with 95% accuracy. Diffusion rates were unaffected by diluting enzyme samples with whey, 3% NaCl, and water, The distribution of rennet, porcine pepsin, mucor pusillus var Lindt (MP) protease, and rennet-pepsin mixtures between curd and whey was determined on milk coagulated at pH 5.2, 6.0, 6.4, and 6.6. The procedure accounted for 100 + 7% of the added enzymes. The distribution of rennet was pH dependent with 31% and 72% in curd and whey respectively at pH 6.6, and 864 and 174 respectively at pH 5.2. The distribution of MP protease was independent of pH with approximately 154 and 85% in the curd and whey at all pH values. Pepsin behaved similar to rennet but was unstable above pH 6.0. During Cheddar cheese making, 7% and 58% of the original rennet, 6% and 93% of the original MP protease, and 5% and 17% of the original rennet-pepsin mix was active in the curd and whey respectively at dipping. After overnight pressing, 6% of the rennet, 3% of MP protease, and 4% of the rennet-pepsin mix remained active in the cheese. At dipping only 9% of the original pepsin was detected in the whey. Pepsin was unstable at pH values used to release the enzyme from the curd and could not be quantitated.

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