Issues regarding the effects of supply management systems, seem to attract special attention from the industry, policy makers, and academic environments. The Canadian dairy industry is no exception. In addition to higher milk product prices for the consumer, the milk marketing quota is perhaps the most debated side of the dairy supply management regime. The milk quotas were initially allocated to each farmer, and are now traded openly in most provinces through a milk quota exchange. Substantial variation in milk quota prices can be observed in the last 15 years as compared to the TSE 300 Stock Price Index. The objective of this research is to analyze and explore why the large variation in observed milk quota prices in the 1980's and 1990's occurred, and to reveal the factors that are important for the formation of milk quota prices. Two factors are the focus of this thesis, one is the uncertainty regarding the future of the supply management system, especially during the two major trade negotiations, GATT and CUSTA, that took place in the late 1980's and early 1990's. The second is the expectations of future returns from holding milk production quotas that were formed in the presence of this uncertainty. Based on a standard capitalization model, three price functions are derived. Using an adaptive expectation framework, and one of the most complete data sets collected for the purpose of analyzing quota prices and quota issues in Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta, the estimated results suggest that, in general, unit changes in the net profit variable are important in MSQ pricing, more so for Used MSQ prices and fluid milk quota prices, than Unused MSQ prices. This supports the impression that fluctuations in Unused MSQ prices are partly driven by short-run considerations to avoid over-quota and maintenance penalties. The adaptive expectation model provides better results when explaining the formation of MSQ prices than fluid milk quota prices. This analysis also concludes that the milk quota auction is not a perfectly understood marketplace, and that several puzzles remain to be explained in future work. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

A number of technological changes have taken place in packaging market milk. Initially, glass bottles were the only means; later on paper cartons entered the scene. At the present time some plants are packaging mil: in plastic pouches. Since no study seem to hale been made to estimate the cost of packaging milk in plastic poaches, this study was designed. The objectives of the study were to: 1. determine investment in land, building, and equipment for packaging milk in plastic pouches in three model plants; 2. determine unit cost of packaging milk in one gallon and one-half gallon plastic pouches for each plant size; 3. compare cost of packaging in pouches in relation to plant size; and 4. identify factors that might contribute towards economies due to plant size.The economic-engineering approach was used to analyze the cost of packaging. Findings off the study were that the per unit. packaging cost varied from 3.1 cents for model plant 1 to 2.8 cents for model plant 3. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that it is not only cheaper to package milk in plastic pouches but also the economies of size can be realized up to a certain point by increasing the plant size.

Ever since the milk bottle was invented in 1884, a number of technological developments have taken place. At present milk is packaged in Plastic Pouches, Tetra-Briks, and Pure-pak cartons.The volume of milk sold in paper cartons in the U.S. has reached about 78 per cent, of which Pure-pak cartons account for about 70 per cent. Besides milk, it is also used for packaging other products such as cole slaw, soft drinks, and laundry detergents.Despite its divergent use and seemingly far-reaching advantages and implications for the market milk industry, no packaging cost study seems to have been done. Therefore, this study was designed to make an economic analysis of the cost of packaging milk in Pure-pak cartons.The economic-engineering approach was used to analyze the cost of packaging. The estimated cost of packaging in small and large plants varied from 7.3 cents to 6.0 cents and from 6.3 cents to 5.8 cents when the machines are purchased and leased, respectively, irrespective of the size of the container. Furthermore, it is economical to use larger plants and lease the, machinery than to buy them.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 13, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Orientador: Celio Hiratuka / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T16:34:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_VeraReginaFerreira_D.pdf: 3152086 bytes, checksum: 4fda28fba678141d84f5aa299cbf4130 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Essa tese tem como objetivo analisar a inserção brasileira na reestruturação do sistema lácteo global a partir das mudanças produtivas do final do século XX. Diversas evidências apontam para uma redistribuição da produção mundial de leite, a matéria-prima básica. Além disso, tem ocorrido um aumento do consumo mundial per capita de lácteos e derivados e também um aumento no número dos consumidores, expandindo-se por duas vias a demanda mundial. Na medida que a produção de lácteos alcançou um nível técnico de produtos e processos que permitiu superar a estreiteza territorial dos vínculos entre o mercado consumidor e uma base produtora local da matéria-prima, novas possibilidades estão colocadas. O mapa global da produção se altera e os interesses das grandes empresas nas regiões onde é possível expandir a produção condiciona novas estratégias de atuação. As transformações setoriais que encaminham a formação de uma nova cadeia produtiva global são o objeto de investigação do presente trabalho. Segundo este, a produção realizada no Brasil tende a estar inserida em uma cadeia mais integrada globalmente e, portanto, conforme uma nova divisão internacional do trabalho / Abstract: This thesis aims to analyze the Brazilian insertion in the restructuring of the global dairy production changes from the end of the XX century. Various evidences point to a redistribution of world production of milk, the raw material base. Moreover, there has been an increase in world per capita consumption of milk and derivatives and also an increase in the number of consumers, is expanding in two ways world demand. To the extent that the production of milk reached a level of technical products and processes that allow overcome the narrow territorial ties between the consumer market and a local production base of raw materials, new possibilities are raised. The global map of production changes and the interests of large companies in regions where it is possible to expand the production determine new strategies of action. The processing sectors that forward the formation of a new global production chain are the subject of this research work. According to this, the production in Brazil tends to be inserted into a chain more integrated globally and, therefore, as a new international division of labor / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

This paper concerns itself with decreasing milk consumption in the Port Elizabeth area and how the marketing mix influences marketing decisions. Personal interviews were conducted in different supermarkets to investigate consumer perceptions of milk, the brand purchased and how consumers use milk. The study indicated that people purchasing milk were very price conscious. Respondents showed almost no brand loyalty. However, respondents indicated that they were aware of the health benefits of drinking milk, although most used milk predominantly to whiten their tea and/or coffee. A comparison of the findings of this study to those of Geils (1981) and Hanekom (1990) indicates that the milk industry has the same problems in 1999 as it did in 1990 and in 1981. Findings reflect the unhealthy perception people have about milk. Many regard it as a child’s drink and others perceive it as fattening. Decreasing consumption figures indicate that there has been little effort or success from the dairy industry to change consumer perceptions of milk. Figures indicate that consumption of milk may be close to zero in 2015, if marketers of dairy companies do not improve the image of milk. However, a considerable amount of investment by overseas companies in Port Elizabeth dairies may increase marketing activities in the future. This paper begins with an overview of the major competitors in the Port Elizabeth area, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. The importance of selecting the appropriate market mix for milk is discussed by explaining each mix element, namely, product, distribution, promotion and price. Distribution involves the delivery of the perishable product to outlets in the shortest space of time after production. Careful and efficient planning of refrigerated warehousing, transport and delivery services all indirectly contribute to the freshness and quality of milk. Promotion is one of the most important elements that can be used to change consumer perceptions of milk. It is necessary to select the correct message for the specific target group when advertising. Product benefits like milk’s purity, or naturalness, should be focused on rather than its creaminess and richness. Price constitutes the fourth element of the marketing mix. Price in the narrowest sense, is the amount of money charged for milk. The milk industry is intensely price sensitive which often results in price wars among competitors. Most consumers purchase the cheapest brand of milk indicating little brand loyalty, especially among top-end consumers.

The continuous upward pressure of costs is forcing Virginia dairy farmers to adjust their operations in order to meet changing economic conditions, and to maintain acceptable income levels. The individual milk producer has little or no control over the price he receives for his product, whereas he does have considerable control over his costs of production. Efforts to reduce costs often offer the most practical method of improving net income levels. The objectives of this study were to identify those factors that are associated with variation in costs of producing a unit of milk output, and to estimate the individual effects of these variables on costs. Cost and other production data from 39 Grade A dairy farms for a five-year period, 1963-67, were obtained from the V.P.I. Farm Accounts System files. The average sample farm had 48 dairy cows, 2.5 full-time man equivalents of labor, $53,748 average investment, and 238 acres of crop and pasture land. The multiple regression procedure was used to determine the importance of each independent variable used in the study. Both linear and quadratic functions were used. The dependent variable was average total cost of producing a hundredweight of milk, and independent variables were those which were hypothesized to affect average total costs. Eight variables associated with variation in average costs of producing a hundredweight of milk were identified, and the effect of each on costs was estimated. / Master of Science

這項研究是以民族誌描述方法，以南中國傳統的原生牛奶和現代的進口牛奶之生產及消費切入點，探討現代性的問題。對近代中國奶品需求急增的研究，大多解釋為現代西方食習慣之影響。我透過在順德及香港牛奶生產者及消費者日常生活的描述，試圖說明這食習慣的改變並非單是「西化」；相反，這其實是中國傳統的一種延續，再由殖民主義、資本主義，全球化，及中國建構新型國家這四種動力驅使下形成。而這四種動力又有賴市場 (本地及跨國的乳品公司、財金投資者、食品包裝生產商等) 、醫科專業人士及政府對 「健康」、「飲食文化遺產」等概念賦予新的社會價值。本文嘗試透過傳統和現代的牛奶之生產及消費，審視現代中國人對「健康」和「飲食文化遺產」的觀念和價值，在近年食品安全問題的陰霾下如何改變，這又如何反映中國在現代化和新型國家建構過程中的社會變遷，並探究有關身份認同，家庭角色與現代性的意涵。 / This thesis is an ethnographic study of the change in the production and consumption of indigenous and imported cow milk in South China, particularly Shunde and Hong Kong, during the post-Mao period. Contrary to the popular view that cow milk consumption in China is a result of Western influence, the milk production and consumption in South China is actually a continuation of the Chinese tradition. This thesis shows that the popularity of milk consumption in Shunde and Hong Kong is driven by the forces of colonialism, globalization, capitalism, and modern state-building. Milk consumption in these two places is mainly promoted through three kinds of agents - the market (global and local milk companies, financial investors, food-packaging companies), medical professionals and the State. I illustrate how these forces and agents affect the classification, meanings and values of health and culinary heritage, and how this results in a reinvention of tradition and a change in the concept of morality, amidst concerns over food safety. By examining the transformation of the values associated with milk in the process of production and consumption, I show how health and culinary heritage become the contested ground in the reconfiguration of modern identity and social relationship, while complying with the vision of the government in the building of national pride. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Mak, Sau Wa. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 247-269). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstracts --- p.i / Foreword & Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Content --- p.vi / Table of Illustrations, Figure and Map --- p.x / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction / Chapter 1. --- Milk and Modernity --- p.9 / Chapter 2. --- Health, Culinary Heritage and Construction of National Pride --- p.12 / Chapter 3. --- Hong Kong and Shunde --- p.15 / Chapter 4. --- Organization of the thesis --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Historical and Ethnographic Background --- p.22 / Chapter 1. --- Production and Health Belief of Milk in Ancient China --- p.24 / Functions of Milk and Health in Ancient China --- p.30 / Chapter 2. --- Ecological and Culinary History of Daliang and Shunde --- p.32 / Political Economy of Mulberry, Fishpond and Water Buffalo --- p.34 / Buffalo Cheese Production in Jinbang village --- p.38 / Chapter 3. --- Production of Milk in Hong Kong --- p.44 / Colonialist and the Dairy Farm --- p.44 / Missionary Activities and the Trappist Dairy Farm --- p.48 / Chapter 4. --- Diffusion of Culinary Techniques and Buffalo’s Milk Culture from Shunde to Hong Kong --- p.50 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion: Milk, Health and Culinary Art --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Production of Milk in China with Special Reference to Shunde --- p.59 / Chapter 1. --- Indigenous Milk Production in Shunde --- p.60 / Traditional Buffalo’s Milk in Pre-Modern China --- p.60 / Traditional Buffalo’s Milk in Modern China --- p.63 / Chapter 2. --- Foreign Cow’s Milk Production in China --- p.68 / Modern Foreign Dairy Farms in China --- p.69 / Foreign Cow’s Milk Production in China --- p.71 / Chapter 3. --- Chinese Tradition in Foreign Cow’s Milk Drinks --- p.77 / Chapter 4. --- Modern State, Global Capitalism and Food Safety --- p.80 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The Consumption of Milk in Shunde (1): Traditional Buffalo’s Milk and Modern Cow’s Milk --- p.85 / Chapter 1. --- The Functions of Traditional Buffalo’s Milk --- p.86 / Buffalo Cheese as Medicine --- p.86 / Buffalo’s Milk as Bupin. --- p.87 / Chapter 2. --- Re-invention of Traditional Buffalo’s Milk Cuisines as Modern Culinary Heritage --- p.90 / Double-layered Milk Custard. --- p.91 / Stir-fried Buffalo’s Milk. --- p.95 / Deep-fried Buffalo’s Milk --- p.97 / Supreme Buffalo’s Milk --- p.98 / Chapter 3. --- Modern Cow’s Milk and Continuation of Tradition --- p.102 / Modern Cow’s Milk Drink and Tradition Breakfast Structure --- p.102 / The Tradition of Hong Kong-style Milk Tea and Taiwan Pearl Milk Tea --- p.104 / Chapter 4. --- Conclusion --- p.110 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- The Consumption of Milk in Shunde (2): Formula Milk --- p.112 / Chapter 1. --- Risk and Social Functions of Formula Milk --- p.114 / Responsible Mother and the New Rationalities of Weaning --- p.114 / Working Class: Purchase of Foreign Brand as a Modern Successful Father --- p.116 / Migrant Workers: Foreign Brands as Bupin. --- p.119 / Middle and Upper Class: Cross-border purchase of milk powder and the Geo-Politics of Hong Kong --- p.120 / Chapter 2. --- Tradition in Modern Cow’s Milk --- p.123 / Revival of Traditional and Local Buffalo’s Milk --- p.124 / Traditional Soymilk Consumption. --- p.127 / Traditional Health Belief and Consumption of Milk Products --- p.127 / Chapter 3. --- Global Medical Knowledge, the State and the Local Professional Group --- p.128 / Chapter 4. --- Conclusion --- p.129 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- The Consumption of Milk in Hong Kong (1): Canned Milk --- p.131 / Chapter 1. --- Sweetened Condensed Milk as Breast Milk Substitute --- p.133 / Chapter 2. --- Colonial Power and the Hierarchy of Milk --- p.136 / Chapter 3. --- Milk, Oat Meal and the Traditional Chinese Meal Structure --- p.140 / Chapter 4. --- Evaporated Milk in Authentic Hong Kong-style Milk Tea --- p.144 / Chapter 5. --- Canned Milk, Health and Culinary Heritage --- p.148 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.154 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- The Consumption of Milk in Hong Kong (2) :Formula Milk --- p.156 / Chapter 1. --- 1930-50s - Condensed milk, Horlicks Milk and Powdered Milk as Modern Breast Milk Substitute --- p.157 / Chapter 2. --- 1960s-1980s- Docile Working Mother and Chubby Baby --- p.160 / Chapter 3. --- 2000-Present: Risk Society, Mother’s Body and Smart Baby --- p.165 / Mother’s Body and the Risk of Down-streaming --- p.169 / Ideal Smart Babies and the Fear of Global Competition --- p.171 / Chapter 4. --- Breast-Feeding as Resistance --- p.177 / Chapter 5. --- Milk Politics: The Government, the Doctors and the Formula milk corporations --- p.178 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.182 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- The Politics of Culinary Heritage and State’s Policy of Well-Being --- p.185 / Chapter 1. --- Technics and the Changing Meanings of Culinary Heritage in Daliang --- p.187 / Local Radio Program: The legends of Daliang Gastronomy --- p.188 / Foshan TV program: The Nostalgic series --- p.190 / Private Kitchen Competition and Professional Chef Competition --- p.191 / Daliang and Shunde Gastronomy Map and Post-card --- p.195 / Chapter 2. --- Local Government and UNESCO City of Gastronomy --- p.196 / Seeking to be a World Gastronomy City --- p.198 / Lingnan Food Culture Festival --- p.203 / Chapter 3. --- Global Gastronomy City and the Local Gastromanie Identity --- p.205 / Chapter 4. --- Politics of Intangible Culture Heritage in Shunde --- p.208 / Chapter 5. --- Culinary Heritage, Civilized City and the Politics of Well-Being --- p.210 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.212 / Chapter Chapter 9: --- Conclusion Milk and Modernity --- p.214 / Chapter 1. --- Buffalo’s Milk and Cow’s Milk --- p.214 / Chapter 2. --- Tradition in Modernity --- p.216 / Chapter 3. --- Re-invention of Tradition --- p.219 / Chapter 4. --- Risk, Health and Geo-Politics of Hong Kong --- p.221 / Chapter 5. --- Globalization, Milk and Health --- p.224 / Chapter 6. --- Health, Culinary Heritage and the State --- p.227 / Chapter 7. --- Epilogue: Some Reflections on the Significance of Ethnography --- p.230 / Bibliography. --- p.232