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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The intriguing chemistry of NGC 6302

Hebden, Kerry Louise January 2014 (has links)
The hostile circumstellar environment of an emerging protoplanetary nebula (PPN) and its transformation to a planetary nebula (PN) is an area of active observation and yet, many uncertainties still exist, not least in explanations of molecular abundances. Additionally, the combination of extreme radiation fields, X-rays and high velocity shocks may also drive interesting and possible novel chemical reactions and pathways. Thorough molecular surveys on PNe are minimal and in-depth modelling of specific sources to explain observed molecular abundances, are also limited in the literature. Modelling of species such as H2O within a PN, have yet to be explored in detail at all. This thesis describes observations of NGC 6302, a young butterfly PN with possibly the highest identified central mass of any known PN (∼2-3 M⊙), which have recently been undertaken at the SMA. Image maps and spectra for a number of molecular species were obtained in order to provide further insights into chemical behaviour within a PN. Observational results have been compared with detailed modelling to as- certain the role of various environmental factors on the chemistry within NGC 6302. It was found that an outflow could possibly be responsible for enhanced emission for HCO+, HCN and SiO. Species such as 13CS and 29SiC2 are also enhanced in the direction of the bi-polar lobes. N2H+ is confined to the dense torus, with CN also displaying little enhancement beyond the CO emission. Models suggest that whilst SO2 is abundant in low oxygen abundances but nitrogen-enriched dense clouds, H2O can be produced efficiently in all environments. It was also found that in standard models, H2O reactions proceed differently to H2O formation in dense-cloud models and circumstellar envelopes.
2

Ionisation des nuages moléculaires par les rayons cosmiques / Cosmic-ray ionisation of dense molecular clouds

Vaupré, Solenn 10 July 2015 (has links)
Les rayons cosmiques (RC) ont un rôle fondamental sur la dynamique et l'évolution chimique des nuages moléculaires interstellaires, qui sont le lieu de formation stellaire et planétaire. Les RC sont probablement accélérés dans les enveloppes en expansion des rémanents de supernova (SNR), ainsi les nuages moléculaires situés à proximité peuvent être soumis à d'intenses flux de RC. Les protons relativistes ont principalement deux effets sur les nuages moléculaires : 1) en rencontrant le milieu dense, les protons de haute énergie (>280 MeV) induisent via la désintégration des pions l'émission de photons gamma. à cause de ce processus, les associations SNR-nuages moléculaires sont des sources intenses d'émission GeV et/ou TeV présentant des spectres similaires à celui des protons incidents. 2) à plus basse énergie, les RC pénètrent le nuage et ionisent le gaz, induisant la formation d'espèces moléculaires caractéristiques appelées traceurs de l'ionisation. L'étude de ces traceurs permet de déduire des informations sur les RC de basse énergie inaccessibles aux autres méthodes d'observation. J'ai étudié l'ionisation des nuages moléculaires par les RC près de trois SNR : W28, W51C et W44. Il existe des preuves observationnelles d'interaction avec le nuage voisin pour chaque SNR (présence de gaz choqué, masers OH, émission gamma). Mon travail repose sur la comparaison d'observations millimétriques des traceurs de l'ionisation à des modèles de chimie appliqués à ces nuages denses. Dans chaque région, nous avons déterminé un taux d'ionisation supérieur à la valeur standard, confortant l'hypothèse d'une origine des RC dans l'enveloppe du SNR voisin. L'existence d'un gradient d'ionisation en s'éloignant de l'onde de choc du SNR apporte des contraintes précieuses sur les propriétés de propagation des RC de basse énergie. La méthode utilisée repose sur l'observation des ions moléculaires HCO+ et DCO+, qui montre des limitations importantes à haute ionisation. C'est pourquoi j'ai également cherché à identifier des traceurs alternatifs de l'ionisation, par un effort croisé de modélisation et d'observation. En particulier, dans la région W44, les observations de N2H+ ont permis de mieux contraindre les conditions physiques, les abondances volatiles dans le nuage et l'état d'ionisation du gaz. Ce projet de recherche a amené une meilleure compréhension de la chimie induite par les RC dans les nuages moléculaires. Il a également ouvert de nouvelles perspectives de recherche interdisciplinaire vers la compréhension des RC, des observations millimétriques aux observations gamma. / Cosmic rays (CR) are of tremendous importance in the dynamical and chemical evolution of interstellar molecular clouds, where stars and planets form. CRs are likely accelerated in the shells of supernova remnants (SNR), thus molecular clouds nearby can be irradiated by intense fluxes of CRs. CR protons have two major effects on dense molecular clouds: 1) when they encounter the dense medium, high-energy protons (>280 MeV) create pions that decay into gamma-rays. This process makes SNR-molecular cloud associations intense GeV and/or TeV sources whose spectra mimic the CR spectrum. 2) at lower energies, CRs penetrate the cloud and ionise the gas, leading to the formation of molecular species characteristic of the presence of CRs, called tracers of the ionisation. Studying these tracers gives information on low-energy CRs that are unaccessible to any other observations. I studied the CR ionisation of molecular clouds next to three SNRs: W28, W51C and W44. These SNRs are known to be interacting with the nearby clouds, from the presence of shocked gas, OH masers and pion-decay induced gamma-ray emission. My work includes millimeter observations and chemical modeling of tracers of the ionisation in these dense molecular clouds. In these three regions, we determined an enhanced CR ionisation rate, supporting the hypothesis of an origin of the CRs in the SNR nearby. The evolution of the CR ionisation rate with the distance to the SNR brings valuable constraints on the propagation properties of low-energy CRs. The method used relies on observations of the molecular ions HCO+ and DCO+, which shows crucial limitations at high ionisation. Therefore, I investigated, both through modeling and observations, the chemical abundances of several other species to try and identity alternative tracers of the ionisation. In particular, in the W44 region, observations of N2H+ bring additional constraints on the physical conditions, volatile abundances in the cloud, and the ionisation state. This research brought valuable insight into the CR induced chemistry in the interstellar medium. It also brought new perspectives of interdisciplinary research towards the understanding of CRs, from millimeter to gamma-ray observations.

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