abstract: The inductance of a conductor expresses its tendency to oppose a change in current flowing through it. For superconductors, in addition to the familiar magnetic inductance due to energy stored in the magnetic field generated by this current, kinetic inductance due to inertia of charge carriers is a significant and often dominant contribution to total inductance. Devices based on modifying the kinetic inductance of thin film superconductors have widespread application to millimeter-wave astronomy. Lithographically patterning such a film into a high quality factor resonator produces a high sensitivity photodetector known as a kinetic inductance detector (KID), which is sensitive to frequencies above the superconducting energy gap of the chosen material. Inherently multiplexable in the frequency domain and relatively simple to fabricate, KIDs pave the way to the large format focal plane array instruments necessary to conduct the next generation of cosmic microwave background (CMB), star formation, and galaxy evolution studies. In addition, non-linear kinetic inductance can be exploited to develop traveling wave kinetic inductance parametric amplifiers (TKIPs) based on superconducting delay lines to read out these instruments. I present my contributions to both large and small scale collaborative efforts to develop KID arrays, spectrometers integrated with KIDs, and TKIPs. I optimize a dual polarization TiN KID absorber for the next generation Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope for Polarimetry, which is designed to investigate the role magnetic fields play in star formation. As part of an effort to demonstrate aluminum KIDs on sky for CMB polarimetry, I fabricate devices for three design variants. SuperSpec and WSpec are respectively the on-chip and waveguide implementations of a filter bank spectrometer concept designed for survey spectroscopy of high redshift galaxies. I provide a robust tool for characterizing the performance of all SuperSpec devices and demonstrate basic functionality of the first WSpec prototype. As part of an effort to develop the first W-Band (75-110 GHz) TKIP, I construct a cryogenic waveguide feedthrough, which enhances the Astronomical Instrumentation Laboratory’s capability to test W-Band devices in general. These efforts contribute to the continued maturation of these kinetic inductance technologies, which will usher in a new era of millimeter-wave astronomy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Astrophysics and Astronomy 2018

Au cours des dernières décennies, l’observation du ciel dans les longueurs d’onde millimétriques a permis de faire grandement progresser notre compréhension de l’univers, notamment à travers l’étude du fond diffus cosmologique. Pour répondre aux besoins actuels des astronomes, nous proposons dans ce rapport un instrument intégré permettant de réaliser des mesures spectrales large-bande dans le domaine millimétrique. Celui-ci se base sur le concept de SWIFTS (Stationary-Wave Fourier-Transform Spectrometer :spectromètre de Fourier à ondes stationnaire), un instrument opérationnel aux longueurs d’onde visibles et infrarouges. Notre dispositif " SWIFTS millimétrique " utilise des détecteurs à inductance cinétique (KID pour Kinetic Inductance Detectors) comme détecteurs de lumière. Différents aspects de la conception du SWIFTS millimétrique sont abordés dans ce rapport. Le dimensionnement des éléments clés du dispositif est réalisé à l’aide de simulations électromagnétiques. Nous proposons aussi un procédé de fabrication en technologie silicium permettant le dépôt d’antennes sur membrane de nitrure de silicium SiN. Les premières caractérisations permettent de confirmer un fonctionnement adapté des détecteurs en configuration SWIFTS et démontre l’existence d’un couplage entre l’antenne et un des détecteurs aux longueurs d’onde millimétriques ce qui ouvre la voie à un futur démonstrateur. Parallèlement, la technologie développée pour le SWIFTS millimétrique a rendu possible la fabrication de KID sur membrane. L’intérêt est ici d’évaluer la membrane comme un moyen de réduire l’interaction entre les rayons cosmiques et le détecteur dans la perspective d’une utilisation des KID dans l’espace. Des mesures comparatives effectuées sur KID déposés sur membrane et sur substrat démontrent des taux d'événements identiques dans les deux cas. La membrane est donc inefficace pour l’application envisagée. Le temps de relaxation présente en revanche une dépendance avec la présence du substrat. / For the last decades, millimeter wavelength observations allowed a large improvement of our knowledge of the universe in particular with the study of the Cosmic Microwave Background. To meet today astronomers’ needs, we propose hereby an integrated instrument able to perform wide-band spectral measurements in the millimeter spectrum. It is based on the SWIFTS concept (Stationary-Wave Fourier-Transform Spectrometer) an instrument already demonstrated in the optical and infrared bands. Our device "the millimeterSWIFTS" makes use of Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KID) as light detectors. Multiples aspects of the millimeter SWIFTS development are presented in this report. Design of the key-parts of the device is done with the help of electromagnetic simulations. We also propose a process of fabrication allowing the deposition of an antenna on a silicon nitride membrane SiN. First measurements confirm an adapted behavior of the KID in a SWIFTS design and demonstrate a coupling between the antenna and one of the detectors in themillimeter waves. This opens the way to a future demonstrator. In parallel, the technology developed for the millimeter SWIFTS allowed the deposition of KID on membrane. Main goal here is to assess membranes as a mean to reduce the interaction between cosmic rays and the detector in the case of a space application. Comparative measurements performed on KID deposited on membrane and on substrate demonstrate the same rate of events in both cases. Thus, membrane is not an option for the desired application. However, relaxation time shows a dependency with the presence of substrate.